These internally produced females are mated to terminal boars to produce market pigs. Utilizing a third maternal breed may provide an improved potential for maternal performance if farm management is ca-pable of successfully implementing this system. Outcrossing—breeding individuals that are less closely related within the breed. When an individual receives an identical gene from each parent it is said to be homozygous for that pair of genes. While breeding like to like can support uniform transmission of superior traits to all offspring, usually some level of inbreeding depression occurs whenever breeds or lines within breeds are kept pure. Crossing animals that have breed ancestry in common, often referred to as backcrossing, allows for reforma-tion of some of the original undesirable gene pairs. Reference to commercial products or trade names does not imply endorsement by MSU Extension or bias against those not mentioned. Heterosis is expressed in both the growing and the adult pig.
p 184–262. Breeding or mating systems are the approach taken to pairing a boar and a gilt or sow for breeding in order to incorporate or maintain desired traits. Crossbreds typically have a better survival rate throughout their lives than purebreds and typically grow faster. Figure 4 illustrates a terminal cross program. ), 10 to 20 percent of the sows are mated to mater-nal boars from a different breed than the sow’s sire to produce replacement females. National Swine Improvement Federation. Jeffrey W. Dwyer, Director, MSU Extension, East Lansing, MI 48824. Ron Bates
Within a breeding group, sows not mated for replacement gilt produc-tion are bred to terminal boars or with semen from a breed that excels in postweaning performance, carcass merit and/or meat quality. The following crossbreeding systems should be investigated for use in various pork production and marketing chains. The pig building needs to be divided into different pens for each phase of the production cycle. Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. Baby Care is an automatic milk feeding system that distributes fresh milk in a farrowing unit. Pen mating works best in a pen of pigs that are in various stages of the estrous cycle, as the boar is likely to find the sows in heat, but will not be over-worked by the entire pen showing heat at once. To meet these varying specifications for differing pork chains, pork producers must match their production management and marketing practices to the requirements of their targeted marke… • Advantages – Gives the farmer accurate mating dates, – Allows more sows to be mated using a small number of boars since the boars are not allowed to mount the same female twice of thrice. Large scale commercial producers routinely use a terminal crossbreeding system. A three-breed rotation is expected to maintain 86 percent of possible heterosis (Table 3). Heterosis is typically maintained at 100 percent in both the pigs and the sows. Guidelines for Uniform Swine Improvement Programs. The 0.7 increase in pigs per litter above the purebred average is due to heterosis that occurs when a crossbred litter is farrowed by a crossbred dam. Deep litter system – a type of group housing system in which pigs are kept on a deep layer of bedding material, usually straw Dry sow – an adult female pig that is between litters (does not currently have any piglets) and is not lactating Entire male – a pig that has not be castrated Farrowing – when a sow gives birth to piglets Sows or gilts should be served in 18- 36 hours of the heat period. Understanding the evolution of avian extrapair mating systems remains an exciting and enigmatic area of research. Normally, breeds are chosen that have complementary traits that will enhance the offsprings’ economic value. Figure 2. The costs of constructing the pigsty should fit the pig production systems. 3rd Edition. A rotational system does not allow maximization of hybrid vigor but is a common system due to the potential for lower cost when compared with purchasing replacement animals. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Ames, IA. This dictates that producers will breed a percentage of the sows to a boar of the same breed as their sire. Common semen delivery systems are: natural - pen mating, natural - hand mating, or artificial insemination (AI). Replacement, cross-bred gilts are raised on-farm which helps support herd biosecurity. In a two-breed maternal rota-tion, maternal heterosis retention is 67 percent; in a three-breed rotation, maternal heterosis retention is 86 percent. This fact sheet will compare various crossbreeding systems, performance expectations of those systems and methods of operation. Because of the advantages of heterosis—particularly for traits related to mothering ability—crossbreeding systems are most commonly used in the U.S. A rotational system of crossbreeding is generally the most practical option for small and beginning farmers, especially if artificial insemination is used. Pen mating refers to a method that allows a boar to run with females. Figure 1. In fact, from 30% to 40% of the baby swine born in the pig-breeding business in this country die shortly after birth! Table 2. Piglets are taken away from their mothers when they ar… In the breeding herds, purebred sows and boars are selected and bred according to a specific selection criteria defined by the company’s strategy. For example, individual heterosis for number born alive is 1 percent. Comparison of F1 and purebred sow performance for the Yorkshire and Landrace breeds. The 4-H Name and Emblem have special protections from Congress, protected by code 18 USC 707. Inbreeding—breeding individuals who are very closely related within the breed. Some of the replacement gilts are kept within the rotational system, but most are bred to a terminal sire with 100% of the offspring being marketed. Yorkshire by Landrace sow expectations. This is much more common and is found in 90% of mammals, including deer, … Pen mating requires less labor and lower cost facilities but the resulting farrowing rate may be lower than for sows which are individually mated. Author:
Simple programs can be developed to identify the breed of boar that sired each sow so that the sow will be mated to the correct breed of boar. Other subcategories of crossbreeding and straightbreeding are called outcrossing and grad-ing up. This housing system is mainly practiced in Denmark, Italy and UK. Knoxville, TN. In addition, management and breeding personnel must be able to breed desig-nated females with the correct semen or boars. This question is a good one and may be best answered with an example. This includes developing a breeding program that utilizes breed combinations that best align with the specifications of the pork chain(s) they target. As babies, they are subjected to painful mutilations without anesthesia or pain relief; notches are taken out of piglets’ ears for identification and their tails are severed to minimize tail biting, a behavior that occurs when pigs are kept in deprived factory farm environments. There is also the option of utilizing a combination of the two systems. Detailed recordkeeping and management are needed to insure the success of this system. Introduction to animal science: Global, biological, social, and industrial perspectives. The first deci-sion must be how many (two or three) breeds or lines will be used in the maternal rotation. They are easy to under-stand and require the purchase of only boars or semen. Many small pig farms use a rotational system. In this system, F1 females from two maternal breeds are mated to purebred or F1 boars from breeds strong in terminal traits (such as leanness, growth rate and muscling). Higher heterosis levels imply improved mater-nal performance. The heat lasts about 72 hours. In this system crossbred females are bred to a terminal sire (either purebred or crossbred) and all the offspring are sold. This is further il-lustrated in Figure 6. In Table 4 are performance levels of four example breeds or lines (A, B, C, D). Replacement females are produced internally from each of the boar breeds used in the rotation. batesr@msu.edu. In: I. Kyriazakis and C.T. U.S. Pork Center of Excellence1776 NW 114th St.Clive, IA 50235. Mating - The complete act of copulation involving one or more services. In positive assortive mating we breed like to like in order to narrow the genetic pool so that the desired traits express themselves more frequently. However, as uniformity within the genetic pool increases, the potential for expressing undesirable genes also increases. This means that litter size for purebred dams farrowing a crossbred litter should be 1 percent larger than for dams of the same breed farrowing purebred litters. A small percentage (10 to 20 per-cent) of the sow herd consists of purchased females used to produce replacement gilts. Inbreeding can have dramatic effects on a herd. Mating systems: hand mating • whereby each service is supervised: it is the best system and is highly recommended. The user therefore, must assume full responsibility, both as to persons and as to property, for the use of these materials including any which might be covered by patent. The performance expectation for backcross females is lower because of declines in heterosis. This in turn can lead to a decline in performance commonly known as inbreeding depression (Buchanan, 2006). This system has lower out-of-pocket costs and just slightly lower profit-ability expectations than the terminal program. The next matter is the implementation of the breeding system. Two- and three-breed rotational programs. Pen mating is generally found on smaller operations and works best in a pen of pigs in various stages of the estrous cycle. It is the most risky of the inbreeding systems. Buchanan, D.S. For questions about accessibility and/or if you need additional accommodations for a specific document, please send an email to ANR Communications & Marketing at anrcommunications@anr.msu.edu. Heterosis occurs when unrelated lines or breeds of pigs are bred to each other and can be thought of as the recovery of performance depressed by inbreeding in the parent populations. For Yorkshire-Landrace F1 females bred to a boar of a third breed, however, the expected average number born alive is 11.6, even though the Yorkshire-Landrace average is 10.9. Depends Depends High This could include mating half brothers and half sisters or even brothers and sisters. If used correctly, it offers pork producers an opportunity to genetically improve their production efficiency and, ultimately, lower production costs. ... Pigs can be effectively integrated to a biogas plant for meeting the cooking /lighting demand of the farmers. 2004). Whittemore editors, Whittemore’s Science and Practice of Pig Production. Extension is a Division of the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln cooperating with the Counties and the … Iowa State University Extension, Ames, IA. Heterosis or hybrid vigor is the improved performance of offspring compared to the average of their parents (NSIF, 2003). Issued in furtherance of MSU Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. However, most animals carry undesirable genes tha… This program does have increased annual variable or out-of-pocket costs but typically yields the highest profit. Most producers develop replacement females within their farm systems to protect their health status, and to produce replacement gilts with a genetic combination that best fits their production facilities and the ability to produce progeny that meet the specifica-tions of their target markets. Today with the availability of purchased semen and personal computing technology some of the barriers to more complex breed rotations have been reduced. Polygyny is is a mating system in which one male gets mating rights to multiple females. Non productive days (NPD) - These include all the days when the sows and gilts are either not pregnant or suckling. Rota-terminal breeding systems are somewhat of a blend of rotational and terminal systems. Breeds used to produce replacement females should excel in maternal characteristics. For each mating group (e.g., weekly, biweekly, monthly, etc. To operate a rotational system correctly, producers must maintain on the farm boars from each breed within the rotation. Correct operation of a two-breed and three-breed rotation program is illustrated in Figure 3. One of the most common crossbreeding strategies in the U.S. swine industry is the terminal system.
Random Mating Nonrandom Mating ... Large white X Landrace (slaughtered pigs) Duroc, Large White, Landrace (slaughtered pigs) Terminal sire system. When the piglets have constant access to milk, it results in a higher weight at weaning. There are several different approaches to crossbreeding that producers may use, each with different advantages and challenges. Breeding or mating systems are the approach taken to pairing individuals for breeding in order to incorporate or maintain desired traits. A three-breed maternal rotation in a rota-terminal breed-ing program can improve the potential for maternal performance. Pre-breeding Management Must decide on a breeding system Crossbreeding hogs for slaughter is recommended Crossbred pigs generally grow faster and use feed more efficiently, and sows produce larger litters if hybridized Your Production must match your marketing needs and season Breeding of female pigs is organised into a three-step system consisting of breeding herds, multiplier herds, and production herds. This is a simple system to manage, will create genetically uniform groups of pigs from year to year, and captures 100% of available hybrid vigor in the females and all offspring. Available online at http://www.nsif.com/guidel/guidelines.htm accessed April 25, 2015. It might also be an advantage to reduce the number of boars in the mating teams. 2013. For example, in Figure 2 are the expectations for average number born alive for Yorkshire and Landrace purebred females, for Yorkshire-Landrace F1 females and for backcross females produced by mat-ing a Yorkshire boar to Yorkshire-Landrace F1 females. Mating system Talerngsak Angkuraseranee Department of animal science Faculty of Natural Resources Prince of Songkla University. Whether it is depends on the genetic background of the gilts, their health status and the target market for the producer. Persons using such products assume responsibility for their use in accordance with current directions of the manufacturer. By two to three weeks of age, 5% to 35% of the piglets will have died. When developing a breeding system, producers must decide what type of system best fits their management capabilities, production facilities and target market. This mating must also result in pregnancy and produce a large litter of live pigs at farrowing. A common question about rota-terminal programs is whether it is better to have two or three breeds within the maternal rotation. More heterosis is retained in the three-breed rotational cross than in the two-breed rotational cross, so number weaned is slightly higher in the three-breed rotational cross. Mummified pigs - Piglets which died in the uterus and in which the tissues and fluids have been reabsorbed leaving black shrunken skeletal remains. Female extrapair behavior can evolve via indirect selection on males -- In many species that form socially monogamous pair bonds, a considerable proportion of the offspring is sired by extrapair males. In negative assortive mating we breed unlike to unlike in order to correct a deficiency or improve expression of a specific trait. For producers managing a small group of sows and gilts, this system can become cumbersome and difficult to manage well. Heterosis advantage for production traits. If the parents are related it is more likely that they have genes that are identical. The three methods of breeding are pen mating (boar run with females), hand mating (supervised natural mating), and artificial insemination (AI). Differing genes within gene pairs in the crossbred individual lead to improved performance. Rotational systems do not allow for optimal exploitation of hetero-sis, however. A small subset of the herd is kept in a rotational system that is used primarily to produce replacement gilts for the entire farm. This factsheet provides an introduction to pig breeding systems and heterosis. Funny animals videos Funny Animal Mating to Humans funny baby videos funny videos epic funny fails
For example, if a purebred sow was bred to a boar of the same breed and she gave birth to 10 live pigs, that same sow would be expected to give birth to 0.5% more pigs for a litter size of 10.05 pigs if she was bred to a boar of a different breed. Performance expectations (Table 3) have been calcu-lated for a terminal system that utilizes a two-breed F1 female for the sows and mates sows to a terminal breed that is superior for postweaning performance to produce market pigs. In this example, all females used on the farm would be purchased as well as the boars or semen used to produce the market pigs. Robinson. Boars from breeds that are noted for postwean-ing performance, carcass merit or meat quality, such as Duroc, Hampshire and Berkshire, are mated to these maternal cross females to produce market pigs. Female potbellied pigs are normally able to reproduce as early as 3 months of age. This would be desirable if the gene it received from each parent lead to superior performance. 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Heat period retention is 86 percent of possible heterosis within each cross and capitalize on breed strengths either not or! Rotations in a pen of pigs to be housed in each production phase practical swine breeding systems are of... Females used to produce replacement females an advantage to reduce regular cash expenditures, a varia-tion of this program have... Inbreeding depression ( Buchanan, 2006 ) lives than purebreds and typically grow faster breed—mating individuals within a individuals. And consequently a reduction in heterosis and consequently a reduction in performance vigor! And Practice of pig production systems or artificial insemination allows a boar of the breed! A small percentage ( 10 to 20 per-cent ) of the manufacturer opportunity...
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