french merchant ships 18th century

Ships in Harbour (Formosa, 1857) Site documenting Sugar & Opium trade While the five Rangs theoretically remained in existence, the construction by 1715 had crystallised around a number of distinct types, based on the number of carriage guns which they each carried. Adventure (Kingdom of Great Britain): The snowwas captured by a French privateer and sent to Charleston, South Carolina, United States. • Poder ( Spain): The merchant ship was captured in February by the French Navy. In practice by the early decades of the 18th century the formal ranking system among the vaisseaux had in practice been overtaken by a division based on the number of carriage guns borne in practice by individual ships. From 1671, this was redefined as vessels armed with from 36 to 46 guns, and those vessels with fewer than 36 guns were re-classed as Fifth Rank ships; in 1683 this was revised again to include only two-decked ships with from 40 to 46 guns. These were single-decked unranked ships (i.e. Under the classification system introduced by Colbert in 1669, as altered in 1671, the "quatrième rang" (fourth rank) covered two-decked frigates (generally carrying a main battery of 12-pounder guns) of between 36 and 46 guns, amended in 1683 to between 40 and 46 guns, while the "cinquième rang" (fifth rank) comprised smaller frigates, both single-decked and two-decked (generally carrying a main battery of 8-pounder guns) of between 28 and 34 guns, increased in 1683 to between 30 and 36 guns. The period was divided into the Convention (until 26 October 1795, during which effective power was exercised by the Committee of Public Safety), the Directory until 9 November 1799 (the Directorate was a "Cabinet" of five members), and finally the Consulate until the proclamation of the Empire on 18 May 1804. The exception in this group was the 70-gun Aimable, which – while having the same number of ports (except for the poop, where the 4-pounder guns on other ships were never included) – had only 24-pounders in its first (lower deck) battery. The smaller types were the frégates légères, with a single battery of (usually) 6-pounder or 4-pounder guns, plus a few small guns on its superstructure or gaillards. A sketch of a seaman from the late 18th/early 19th century by Thomas Rowlandson; Morning Watch. The Borée, longer than previous 64s, had managed to fit in a thirteenth pair of 24-pounder guns on the lower deck. Two ships which were begun before 1774 were completed later; see 'Fendant (1776) and Destin (1777) under 1715–1774 section above. Another two vessels to this design – the Fatalité (ordered in 1793 at Saint-Malo) and Nouvelle (ordered in 1794 at Lorient) - were never completed; the remainder of the original programme appear never to have been begun. Note that numerous French warships underwent changes of names on 24 June 1671, with many other changes of names on various occasions. Below this rank were the unranked frégates légères ("light frigates") carrying fewer guns. The list of shipwrecks in the 17th century includes ships sunk, wrecked or otherwise lost between (and including) the years 1601 to 1700. Scipion class (1778 onwards) – Designed by Francois-Guillaume Clairin-Deslauriers, Annibal class (1778 onwards) – Designed by Jacques-Noël Sané, Magnanime class (1779 onwards) – Designed by Jean-Denis Chevillard. Three different constructeurs designed these ships; the first two were by François-Guillaume Clairain-Deslauriers and Léon-Michel Guignace respectively, while the Toulon pair were by Joseph-Marie-Blaise Coulomb. Similarly French pre-metric units of length (pieds and pouces) were 6.575% longer than equivalent UK/US units of measurement; the pre-metric French foot was equivalent to 324.8394 mm, whereas the UK/US foot equalled 304.8 mm. The Turtle Ship (also known as Geobukseon or Kobukson by its Korean name) was a large warship belonging to Panokseon class in Korea under the Joseon Dynasty between the 15th century and 18th century. The smaller frigates were those mounting 6-pounder guns in their main battery, while larger frigates carried 8-pounder or 12-pounder guns (note that these "pounds" were actually French livres, of about 7.9% greater weight than British Imperial pounds). These frigates were also popular for the Opium trade. The largest of these early ships of the line, such as the famous 72-gun Couronne launched in 1638, would mount a number of guns comparable to later units of the 18th and 19th century, but the brunt of these ships would mount between 20 and 40 guns. Similarly French pre-metric units of length (pieds and pouces) were 6.575% longer than equivalent UK/US units of measurement (feet and inches); the pre-metric French pied ("foot") was equivalent to 324.8394 mm, whereas the UK/US foot equalled 304.8 mm. All First Rank ships built from 1689 (until 1740) had three full-length gun decks, usually plus a number of smaller carriage guns mounted on the gaillards (i.e. Chinese ships also developped many other features before the west, for example: the stern mounted rudder, multiple masts, water-tight hull sections and the magnetic compass. By 1671 there was a system of five Rangs, which officially pertained for over a century; the first three of these Rangs comprised the battlefleet vaisseaux, while the Fourth and Fifth Rangs comprised the larger frigates ("frégates-vaisseaux" or simply "frégates"). Vengeur in 1806, as Impérial, at the Battle of San Domingo, Capture of the Guillaume Tell, by Robert Dodd, Capture of HMS Swiftsure by Indivisible and Dix-Août. Eventually the need for such large armed ships for commerce waned, and during the late 1830s a smaller, faster ship known as a Blackwall Frigate was built for the premium end of the India and China trades. The 1st class carried a main battery of 30-pounder guns, and the 2nd class a main battery of 24-pounder guns. Drawing by Louis-Philippe Crépin. As these were never at any date owned by the French, they are excluded from the list below. Thétis, Cybèle, and Concorde, were built on the same pattern, but armed with 18-pounders. Therefore, they preferred to engage to leeward, a position which left them free to retreat before the wind. those owned by individuals or business enterprises), which were not part of the Marine Royale, as well as frigates built for the French East India Company (Compagnie des Indes) unless the latter were subsequently acquired by the French Navy. In June 1625 he procured twenty Dutch warships, of which one was lost in action on 16 July and another on 17 September; the remaining eighteen ships were returned to the Dutch on 10 March 1626. Note this list is incomplete, and requires expansion. They also seem to have started a style: black hull with a white stripe. Note that throughout this article the term "-pounder" refers to French pre-metric units of weight (livres), which were almost 8% greater than UK/US units of the same name; every other maritime power likewise established its own system of weights and each country's 'pound' was different from that of every other nation. Prince Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (the nephew of Napoléon Bonaparte) became President in December 1848 following the abdication in February 1848 of Louis-Philippe; he subsequently became Emperor Napoléon III on 2 December 1852 and ruled until he was deposed and the Third Republic was proclaimed on 4 September 1870. Following the Siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré and the Siege of La Rochelle, and in line with his general efforts to enhance the prestige and status of France in Europe, the Cardinal de Richelieu had a number of warships purchased from Holland, and eventually built in France by Holland-instructed French engineers. From 1670, the French Quatrième Rang consisted of vessels with two complete batteries ("two-deckers") armed with from 30 to 40 guns. While the smaller First Rank ships also had three full-length gun decks, the uppermost of these before 1690 generally carried carriage guns only on the forward section and on the after section of that deck, with a section between them in the waist of the ship where no guns were mounted (and no gunports fitted). Both were reclassed as 80-gun ships in April 1811. Merchant Ships Sea-going merchant ships were generally built on the same principles as warships, with the same system of framing and planking, and similar principles of rigging. The Tourville class was built along the line of razeed Océan-class three-deckers, giving them good stability and carrying capacity, but poor manoeuvrability for their size. Before 1670, the Second Rank consisted of ships of the line carrying from 50 up to 64 carriage guns (although there were exceptions); from 1671 this comprised ships of between 62 and 68 guns; in 1683 this was comprised ships carrying from 64 to 76 guns (again with exceptions), and by 1710 even 64-gun ships had been reduced to the Third Rate. with three full-length gun decks, with the uppermost of these surmounted by an armed forecastle, quarterdeck and poop. This measure of capacity, 'tons burden', had originated in the medieval Bordeaux wine trade, and continued in use. The ship was armed with 28, 18 Pounder cannons, and 16, 9 Pounders, with a crew of 280 men. François I was the first of the five French Kings of the Valois-Angoulême dynasty, who reigned from 1515 to 1589:François I (1 January 1515 – 31 March 1547)Henri II (1 April 1547 – 10 July 1559) – second son of François IFrançois II (10 July 1559 – 5 December 1560) – eldest son of Henri IICharles IX (5 December 1560 – 30 May 1574) – third son of Henri IIHenri III (30 May 1574 – 2 August 1589) (assassinated) – fourth son of Henri IIThe application of the Salic Law meant that with the extinction of the Valois in the male line, the Bourbons succeeded to the throne as descendants of Louis IX. This table commences with a listing of early French naval frigates of the second half of the 17th century and the early 18th century (under the reign of Louis XIV – the "Sun King" – from 14 May 1643 to 1 September 1715). An estimated 162 of these were placed in service between 1661 and 1715, of which the following is simply a partial list, and needs expansion. Hercule, by then renamed Provence, during the Invasion of Algiers in 1830, by Lebreton. High Court of Admiralty (HCA) 5. They carried 28 x 36-pounder guns, 28 x 36-pounder carronades, and 2 x 18-pounder guns: Frigates of the 1st Order (or 4th Rank Vessels), Frigates of the 2nd Order (or 5th Rank vessels), Frigates of Louis XVI (1774–1792), the Revolutionary era and the First Empire (to 1815), Frigates under Louis XVIII and later (1815–1860), Third class frigates (from 1830), 30-pounder armed, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sail_frigates_of_France&oldid=978932673, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 17 September 2020, at 20:00. They were classed as fourth rank vessels (vaisseaux du quatrième rang). The 60 or 62 (later 64-gun) gun ship built from 1717 onwards continued the practice of similarly-armed vessels built in the first decade of the century. In 1837 this classification was amended to base the division on the number of guns carried. Portrait of Commerce de Paris under construction, by Antoine Roux. He died 16 September 1824 and was succeeded by his brother Charles X who abdicated on 2 August 1830. The Republic was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 (although Louis XVI was not executed until 21 January 1793). The French rating system was historically a division into three Ranks, but a new system of four Ranks was provisionally created in 1669; however a new system quickly replaced this in 1671. Several more were constructed during the French Revolution, but the Romaine class of "frégate-bombardes", to which curious design (incorporating a heavy mortar into the design) at least thirteen vessels were ordered (24 were originally planned), proved over-gunned, and no further 24-pounder armed frigates were begun until after 1815. carrying two complete gundecks, usually plus a few smaller carriage guns mounted on the gaillards; however, the Second Rank initially also included numerous ships nominally described as three-deckers (although all had a break in the 3rd tier of guns or "upper deck") launched up until 1682, after which all three-deckers were First Rates; these three-deckers are listed below before the two-deckers. Scale model of Achille on display at the Musée national de la Marine in Paris. War still caused the migratory fishery to contract, but the merchant could still do business with planters and boatmen. American independence played a major role determining how the final stage developed. Louis-Philippe reigned from 9 August 1830 until overthrown on 24 February 1848. 1/48th scale model of Commerce de Marseille on display at Marseille maritime museum, États de Bourgogne as Océan drawn by Antoine Léon Morel-Fatio, Orient, ex-Dauphin-Royal, exploding at the Battle of the Nile. Tonnant class (1787 onwards) – Following his standard design for 74-gun ships (see Téméraire class below), Jacques-Noël Sané then produced a standard design (approved on 29 September 1787) for an 80-gun ship, to which 8 ships were eventually built. Ship - Ship - Shipping in the 19th century: Once the extent and nature of the world’s oceans was established, the final stage of the era of sail had been reached. 50 (ex-English, captured 1694) (same as next? The original rating system was thoroughly reformed under Colbert's administration two years later, on 24 June 1671, and the overwhelming majority of French warships underwent name changes at that date; vessels are listed below under their original name at time of launching or acquisition, even if they subsequently were better known by the name they were given later. Argonaute class (1781) – Designed by François-Guillaume Clairin-Deslauriers. These formed overwhelmingly the core of the French battlefleet throughout the 18th century. Very few of the names of French ships of this era are known. In general, French frigates were more lightly built than their British equivalents. Beautiful Wares. 2 (English, French and French Edition) [Fernand Braudel, Sian Reynolds] on Amazon.com. Royal-Louis as Républicain grounded on Mingant rock. 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