As long as the fissure was not near the glacier, the risk of flooding was minimal; however, the fissure could extend into the ice cap, thereby greatly increasing the risk of flooding. The shutdown had a knock on impact on the economy and cultural events across Europe. A series of vents along a 2-km-long north–south-oriented fissure was active, with meltwater flowing mostly down the northern slopes of the volcano, but also to the south. The view of the eruption from Þórólfsfel also includes a thermal imaging camera. [26], The grounding of European flights avoided about 3.44×108 kg of CO2 emissions per day, while the volcano emitted about 1.5×108 kg of CO2 per day.[27]. This study was conducted during November 2010–March 2011, 6–9 months after the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. [76][77] Other notable volcanic eruptions in recent years include the eruption of Mount Pinatubo of 1991 of VEI 6. Immediately before the eruption, the depth of the seismicity had become shallow, but was not significantly enhanced from what it had been in the previous weeks. Sigmundsson et al. On 14 April 2010, an explosive summit crater eruption began in Eyjafjallajökull (Eyjafjalla Glacier), a volcano that is situated in south Iceland . The eruption was in the form of fire fountains and located to the east of the main Eyjafjallajökull ice cap. Consequences of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption - with or without 2010. It was a bit smaller, around 300 m (980 ft) long according to witnesses, and lava coming from it started to flow into Hvannárgil canyon. An eruption began in South Iceland in late evening of 20 March 2010 at the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system (also known as Eyjafjöll volcano - Global … In late summer 2009, a subtle shift at a GPS station on the volcano's flank prompted Sigmundsson and his colleagues to begin monitoring the mountain more closely. 2.5.2010. Recent (last month) symptoms were more increased, for example cough, OR 2.6 (95%CI 1.7-3.8) and phlegm, OR 2.1 (95%CI 1.3-3.2), eye irritation, OR 2.9 (95%CI 1.8-4.5) and runny or irritated nose, OR 2.0 (95%CI 1.4-2.9). In late summer 2009, a subtle shift at a GPS station on the volcano's flank prompted Sigmundsson and his colleagues to begin monitoring the mountain more closely. By the evening of 6 June 2010, a small, new crater had opened up on the west side of the main crater. (a) Simplified geological map of SE Iceland showing location of the Eyjafjallajökull and other volcanic systems in the area. While tourism demand has increased by 12 percent per year on average over the past 10 years, the relatively slower pace of construction meant that supply took longer to adapt and only showed a growth rate of about five percent per year . High-resolution near-field videos were recorded on 8–10 May, during the second explosive phase of the eruption, and supplemented by contemporary aerial observations. However, the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano had particularly damaging impacts to the economy and worldwide aviation. Conclusion: Exposure to volcanic ash may increase respiratory morbidity symptoms six months post eruption, but long-term consequences are still unknown. In response to concerns that volcanic ash ejected during the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland would damage aircraft engines, the controlled airspace of many European countries was closed to instrument flight rules traffic, resulting in what at the time was the largest air-traffic shut-down since World War II. A news item involving 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull was featured on Wikipedia's Main Page in the In the news section on 15 April 2010. The exposed group reported more symptoms during the last 12 months; morning phlegm in winter, OR 1.5 (95%CI 1.3-1.8) and runny or stuffed nose, OR 1.4 (95%CI 1.2-1.6). 2010 ). These institutes are the IMO, the Institute of Earth Sciences of the University of Iceland and the Department of Civil Protection European Respiratory Society442 Glossop RoadSheffield S10 2PXUnited KingdomTel: +44 114 2672860Email: journals@ersnet.org, Print ISSN:  0903-1936 Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption in Iceland: ... respiratory morbidity and mortality and increased irri- ... longer time periods to volcanic ash and gases have been associated with increases in cardiovascular symptoms8 and increased rates of chronic bronchitis and other respira- The aim of the study was to evaluate the health of the exposed population compared to control population. Initially detected visually, the eruption was seen at 2352 that day as a red cloud above the site. Neither phase of the eruption was unusually powerful. Questions: a) When did the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull begin and how long did the eruption last? 21.12.2010 . Eruptions. (2010) present geodetic covering the Eyjafjallajökull over its most recent eruption that started with an effusive flank eruption of basalt from 20 March to 12 April 2010. Eruptive activity during 4–8 May 2010 was characterized based on short‐duration physical [59], During the eruption, the BBC television news announcers did not try to pronounce the name "Eyjafjallajökull," but called it "the Iceland volcano.". The last eruption of Eyjafjallajökull before the 2010 events was an extended event lasting 14 months from 1821 December to 1823 January. d) Which area of the island was worst affected by the Lava flow? The Institute of Earth Sciences[60] made a preliminary estimate of erupted material in the first three days of the eruption on 14 April 2010 at Eyjafjallajökull. The first phase of the eruption lasted from 20 March to 12 April 2010 and was characterised by olivine basaltic andesite lava flowing from various eruptive vents on the flanks of the mountain. A short time-lapse from 17 April 2010. Vodafone and the Icelandic telecommunications company Míla installed webcams, giving views of the eruption from Valahnúkur, Hvolsvöllur, and Þórólfsfell. [25] The seismic activity continued to increase, and from 3 to 5 March, close to 3,000 earthquakes were measured having their epicentre at the volcano. The crater was inactive during the last 187 years. The resulting meltwater flowed back into the erupting volcano, which created two specific phenomena: The rapidly vaporising water significantly increased the eruption's explosive power. The first phase of the eruption lasted from 20 March to 12 April 2010 and was characterised by olivine basaltic andesite lava flowing from various eruptive vents on the flanks of the mountain. Late on 20 March 2010 an eruption began at Fimmvörðuháls, an area around 1,000 m elevation in a ~ 2-km-wide pass of ice-free land between Eyjafjallajökull and Mýrdalsjökull. Mai 2010. [citation needed], Samples of volcanic ash collected near the eruption showed a silica concentration of 58%—much higher than in the lava flows. It further indicated that the locations of most of the earthquakes in 2009 occurred between 8 to 12 km (5.0 to 7.5 mi) depth east of the volcano's top crater. Situated to the north of Skógar and to the west of the larger ice cap Mýrdalsjökull, Eyjafjallajökull covers the caldera of a volcano 1,666 m (5,466 ft) high, which has erupted relatively frequently since the last ice age. The initial visual report of the eruption was at 23:52 GMT, when a red cloud was observed at the volcano, lightening up the sky above the eruptive site. There was an extensive air travel disruption caused by the closure of airspace over many countries affecting the travel arrangements of hundreds of thousands of people in Europe and elsewhere. These two erupting fissures shared the same magma chamber, according to geophysicists. [13] The Civil Protection Department[14] of the Icelandic Police produced regular reports about access to the area, including a map of the restricted area around Eyjafjallajokull, from which the public was forbidden. The direction of the jet stream was unusually stable at the time of the eruption's second phase, continuously southeast. MEREU et al. [74][75] One previous related sequence of eruptions of this volcano, beginning in 1821 is recorded as having lasted for over two years, but no single set of major eruptions is known to have lasted more than 'several days'. [17], The radar stations of the Meteorological Institute of Iceland did not detect any appreciable amount of volcanic ashfall during the first 24 hours of the eruption. [54] The thick layer of ash that had fallen on some Icelandic pastures and farms at Raufarfell had become wet and compact, making it very difficult to continue farming, harvesting, or grazing livestock.[55]. Participants Adult (18–80 years of age) eruption-exposed South Icelanders (N=1148) and a control population of residents of Skagafjörður, North Iceland (N=510). ), This unusual seismic activity, along with the rapid movement of the Earth's crust in the area, gave geophysicists evidence that magma was flowing from underneath the crust into Eyjafjallajökull's magma chamber and that pressure stemming from the process caused (in geophysical terms) the huge crustal displacement at Þorvaldseyri farm. As to why just the month, it's the way that … März kam es zu mehreren Eruptionen des Vulkans mit einem großen Ausstoß an Asche. This study was conducted during November 2010–March 2011, 6–9 months after the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. As of 15 April, the eruption was not large enough to have an effect on global temperatures like that of Mount Pinatubo and other major past volcanic eruptions. Ash ejection from this phase of the eruption was small, rising to no more than 4 km (2.5 mi) into the atmosphere. It quickly dispersed over Europe. Hence, there is much speculation that the 2010 eruption may also be followed shortly by activity at Katla. Chaitén 2008. PARTICIPANTS: Adult (18-80 years of age) eruption-exposed South Icelanders (N=1148) and a control population of residents of Skagafjörður, North Iceland (N=510). The flank and summit eruption 2010 5. Overall, the Eyjafjallajökull eruption led to a booming economy, which has expanded by 10 percent since its near-bankruptcy. [56][66] Many flights within, to, and from Europe were cancelled following 14 April 2010 eruption, and although no commercial aircraft were damaged, the engines of some military aircraft were harmed. However, on March 20, 2010, the lava began to flow and there were several series of small eruptions which ejected volcanic ash into the atmosphere. The molten lava flowed more than 4,000 m (13,000 ft) to the north-east of the fissure and into Hrunagil canyon, forming a lava fall more than 200 m (660 ft) long and slowly approaching Þórsmörk, but had not yet[update] reached the flood plains of Krossá. Beginnend mit dem 20. This second phase erupted trachyandesite. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. The onset of the eruption was heralded on 20 March 2010 by the opening of an eruptive fissure at Fimmvorduhals, an area located between the Eyjafjallajökull and Mýrdalsjökull ice caps and bordering the Katla volcano, where the eruptive activity displayed mainly Hawaiian features until 12 April 2010. 2. Eruptionen 2010. Teams from the Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue were stationed at the eruption site as part of standard safety measures and to assist in enforcing access restrictions. IES also noted that the eruption continue with less explosive activity. MAIN FINDINGS 3.1 First indications of magma movements under Eyjafjallajökull were detected as early as 1992-1994, with increased seismicity followed by episodes of unrest with ground inflation and earthquakes in 1996 and 1999-2000. The participation rate … This, with the abundant water-ice at the summit, aids in making lightning.[71]. The first eruption phase ejected olivine basaltic andesite lava[11] several hundred metres into the air in what is known as an effusive eruption. (See the GPS Time Series[23] page of the Nordic Volcanological Center's[24] website for detailed information on the degree of movement detected in the Earth's crust in the Eyjafjallajökull locality. Large-scale release of sulphur dioxide into the troposphere also poses a potential health risk, especially to people with pre-existing breathing disorders. [citation needed], A fissure opened up about 150 metres (490 ft) in length running in a north-east to south-west direction, with 10 to 12 erupting lava craters ejecting lava at a temperature around 1,000 °C (1,800 °F) up to 150 m (490 ft) into the air. The initial visual report of the eruption was at 23:52 GMT, when a red cloud was seen at the north slopes of Fimmvörðuháls mountain pass,[38][39] lighting up the sky above the eruptive site. The second eruptive phase happened under 200 m (660 ft) of glacial ice. The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull were volcanic events at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland which, although relatively small for volcanic eruptions, caused enormous disruption to air travel across western and northern Europe over an initial period of six days in April 2010. [16] At the end of December 2009, seismic activity began around the Eyjafjallajökull volcano area, with thousands of small earthquakes (mostly of magnitude 1–2 Mw), 7 to 10 km (4.3 to 6.2 mi) beneath the volcano. Discussion: Six months after the Eyjafjallajökull eruption our results indicate that the presence of volcanic ash is associated with two to three times higher recent upper airway symptom rates among the exposed population compared to the unexposed. Material (tephra) in the ice cauldrons around the volcanic vents: 30 million cubic metres (39,000,000 cu yd), Tephra filling the glacial lagoon of Gígjökulslón, carried by floods down the outlet, Airborne tephra that was carried to the east and south of the volcano, uncompacted tephra fallout from eruption plume: 100 million cubic metres (130,000,000 cu yd), This page was last edited on 24 November 2020, at 14:40. This study was conducted during November 2010–March 2011, 6–9 months after the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. The recent eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in southern Iceland first began as a 500 m long fissure on 20 March 2010. [8] Previous eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull have been followed by eruptions at its larger neighbour, Katla. The eruption was declared officially over in October 2010, when snow on the glacier did not melt. On 14 April 2010, however, the eruption entered an explosive phase and ejected fine glass-rich ash to over 8 km (5.0 mi) into the atmosphere. Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 14–25 April 2010, Volume of erupted material and magma discharge, Short- and long-term weather and environmental effects, Measurements made by using maps and measurement tools from Fasteignaskrá Íslandskort, Meteorological Institute of Iceland: Eruption in Fimmvörðuháls mountain pass, Kvöldfréttir Stöðvar Tvö "Viðtal við Ármann Höskuldsson eldfjallafræðing", 2010 eruption series in the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system, Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue, Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, knock on impact on the economy and cultural events, previous related sequence of eruptions of this volcano, beginning in 1821, Effects of the April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, "Volcanic eruptions: Science and Risk Management", "Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull Status Report: 11:00 GMT, 7 June 2010", "Eruption in Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull Over", "Eruption in Iceland – frequently asked questions", "Iceland prepares for second, more devastating volcanic eruption", "BBC Newsnight interview with President Grímsson of Iceland, 20 April 2010", "Scientists picture Icelandic volcano's 'plumbing, "Eruption at the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system", "Seismic Signs of Magma Pathways through the Crust in the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, South Iceland", "Jarðskjálftahrina undir Eyjafjallajökli", "GPS time series for Eyjafjallajökull and Katla Volcano", UNEP Year Book2011, An Overview of Our Changing Environment, "Caistor children flee as Iceland volcano erupts | Grimsby Telegraph", Volcanic eruption in Eyjafjallaglacier – flights to Iceland are on hold, "Fyrsta vél frá Boston í loftið klukkan hálf fimm", "Litlar líkur taldar á öðru gosi við Eyjafjallajökul", "Volcano Erupts Under Eyjafjallajökull – The Reykjavik Grapevine", "Gosið enn í gangi – Farið að bera á öskufalli", "Ný gossprunga – skráð 01.04.2010 kl. This was 10–20 times the average discharge rate in the preceding flank eruption at Fimmvörðuháls. Unlike the earlier eruption phase, the second phase occurred beneath glacial ice. In early January 2010, the rate of deformation and the number of earthquakes began to increase. Meltwater started to emanate from the ice cap around 07:00 on 14 April and an eruption plume was observed in the early morning. 10:00", "Experimental Acute Sodium Fluoride Poisoning in Sheep: Renal, Hepatic, and Metabolic Effects", "Ash from Iceland Volcano Endangers Horses", "Ash Fall Causes South Iceland Farmers Serious Trouble", "Iceland's volcanic ash halts flights across Europe | World news", "Articles < Seismicity < Icelandic Meteorological office", "University of Iceland reports and scientists' quotes", "A survey of early health effects of the Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption in Iceland: a population-based study", "Health effects following the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption: a cohort study", "Syndromic surveillance to assess the potential public health impact of the Icelandic volcanic ash plume across the United Kingdom, April 2010", "RAF grounds fighter jets after volcanic dust is found in engines | Home News | News", "Icelandair and the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption in 2010", "Dirty thunderstorm shoots lightning from volcano", The eruption that changed Iceland forever, "Volcano could mean cooling, acid rain: 'Not like Pinatubo' so far, but potential is there", "Icelandic volcano won't affect the world's climate", "Geologist Ari Trausti Guðmundsson answers Iceland volcano questions | IceNews – Daily News", "APOD: 19 April 2010 – Ash and Lightning Above an Icelandic Volcano", "The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines", Frequently Asked Questions on the Eruption in Iceland – from the Icelandic Met Office, BBC webpage with film of the volcano, taken from 500m from the crater's edge, by Chris Weber on 13 May 2010, Collection of Scientific Earth Observations and Models, Satellite evidence of hot lava flows from an Icelandic volcano (CIMSS Satellite Blog), Description of beginning of current eruption, (March 2010), Icelandic Met Office, Webpages and -links related to 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptions. Weil keine Vergleichswerte existierten, wurde der Flugverkehr über Nord- und Mitteleuropa in weiten Teilen und für mehrere Tage eingestellt. 2007], Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 and lastly Grímsvötn in 2011. For clarity the small volcanic system Tindfjallajökull is not shown. The eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in March and April 2010 posed significant challenges for the people of Iceland as well as millions of people across Europe whose airplanes were grounded due to the high concentrations of volcanic ash. Methods: Six months after the eruption, (fall and winter 2010-11), 1148 exposed South Icelanders and 510 unexposed North Icelanders responded to a questionnaire on recent physical symptoms and questions from the European Community Respiratory Health questionnaire. [73] Ash from the current Eyjafjallajökull eruption contains one-third the concentration typical in Hekla eruptions, with a mean value of 104 mg of fluoride per kg of ash. Analysis, discussion and main findings 6. The participation rate was ... GHQ-12) measured psychological morbidity. [50] The concentration of water-soluble fluoride was one-third of the concentration typical in Hekla eruptions, with a mean value of 104 mg of fluoride per kg of ash. This summit eruption had a short phreato-magmatic phase in 1821 December which was followed by a year-long period of intermittent magmatic/phreato-magmatic activity and flooding (Larsen et al. The people who lived near the volcano had high levels of irritation symptoms, though their lung function was not lower than expected. The most recent major eruptions occurred in 920, 1612, and from 1821 to 1823. Respiratory symptoms were more prevalent among those living closest to the volcano. Craters in autumn. Discrete ash bursts merged at higher altitude and formed a sustained quasi-continuous eruption column. At the beginning of March 2010 over 3000 earthquakes were measured in a 24 hour period, with a maximum at magnitude 3.1. The Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull exposed residents in southern Iceland to continuous ash fall for more than 5 weeks in spring 2010. During the initial flank eruption and the main summit eruption that followed, the rate of recorded earthquakes decreased significantly but remained high enough that the main eruption could be predicted and warnings issued. The initial visual report of the eruption was at 23:52 GMT, when a red cloud was observed at the volcano, lightening up the sky above the eruptive site. Redoubt 2009. IVATF/4-IP/3-2-report on the eruption from the institutes in Iceland that did monitoring and research on the eruption. [62], No human fatalities were reported from the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull. The last historical eruption of Eyjafjallajökull prior to an eruption in 2010 produced intermediate-to-silicic tephra from the central caldera during December 1821 to January 1823 . *** PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR EARLIER UPDATES *** May 24. Update on activity in Eyjafjallajökull 2010 Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland. Animated Video created using Animaker - https://www.animaker.com Overview of the events that took place in Iceland. This study was conducted during November 2010-March 2011, 6-9 months after the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. The temperature of Hruná river, which flows through the narrow Hrunárgil canyon, into which part of the lava stream was flowing, was recently recorded by geologists to be between 50 and 60 °C (122 and 140 °F), indicating that the river was cooling the lava in that canyon.[37]. This summit eruption had a short phreato-magmatic phase in 1821 December which was followed by a year-long period of intermittent magmatic/phreato-magmatic activity and flooding (Larsen et al. Sitemap . This photo was taken at sunrise on a Saturday morning in October, by Ólafur Sigurjónsson who lives in Forsæti III nearby and has done frequent flying across the eruptive area. The second phase resulted in an estimated 250 million cubic metres (330,000,000 cu yd) (0.25 km3) of ejected tephra and an ash plume that rose to a height around 9 km (5.6 mi), which rates the explosive power of the eruption as a 4 on the volcanic explosivity index. [58], On 21 June 2010, data from seismic recorders in the area indicated that the frequency and strength of earth tremors had diminished, but were continuing. A study by the Icelandic Meteorological Office published on December 2009 indicated an increase in seismic activity around the Eyjafjallajökull area during the years 2006–2009. The second phase was estimated to be a VEI 4 eruption, which was large, but not nearly the most powerful eruption possible by volcanic standards. The data was analyzed using logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, education and smoking status. The earthquake swarm was followed by the onset of a seismic eruption tremor. 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