Greg Martin is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Sociology and Social Policy at the University of Sydney, Australia. The first is that there is a naturally short life span for intense social movement activism and engagement. To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. To begin this understanding, we first need to understand what social movements are. It considers major theories and concepts, whi McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Earl, J. Social movement theory is an interdisciplinary study within the social sciences that generally seeks to explain why social mobilization occurs, the forms under which it manifests, as well as potential social, cultural, and political consequences. Tyranny, in other words, is a monologue. As David S. Meyer (2007, p. 47) observes, “[T]he best predictor of why anyone takes on any political action is whether that person has been asked to do so. It considers major theories and concepts, whi The day when activists had to stand in the rain on city streets to hand out flyers has long passed. Snow, S. A. Soule, & H. Kriesi (Eds. Instead, they can tweet and use other electronic media. When the government tried to electronically block the tweeting and texting, the protesters and their allies outside Iran took electronic countermeasures to help thwart the blocking. Understanding Social Movements will be a useful resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students across disciplines wanting to be introduced to or extend their knowledge of the field. The movement was trying to prevent the deployment of cruise missiles, and a survey of a town near Amsterdam revealed that about 75% of the town’s residents were opposed to the deployment. Activists would also contact the news media and hope that a small story about the planned rally or march would appear in a newspaper or on radio or TV. The social movement literature contains many hypotheses concerning the trajectories of social movements. Protesters on trial: Criminal prosecutions in the Southern civil rights and Vietnam antiwar movements. But if these conditions stop improving, they become frustrated and more apt to turn to protest, collective violence, and other social movement activity. President Ahmadinejad—who happened to visit Russia on Tuesday—now finds himself in a court of world opinion where even Khrushchev never had to stand trial. As Snow and Soule (2010, p. 66) explain, “Whether individuals will act collectively to address their grievances depends in part on whether they have the political opportunity to do so.” Applying a political opportunity perspective, one important reason that social movements are so much more common in democracies than in authoritarian societies is that activists feel more free to be active without fearing arbitrary arrests, beatings, and other repressive responses by the government. Research has also found that movements are more likely to succeed when the government against which they protest is weakened by economic or other problems. Often they try to do so by engaging in various kinds of protest, such as the march depicted here. Historical and contemporary case studies and examples from a variety of different countries are provided throughout, including the American civil rights movement, Greenpeace, Pussy Riot, indigenous peoples movements, liberation theology, Occupy, Tea Party, and the Arab Spring. To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. As just one example, cuts in higher education spending and steep increases in tuition prompted students to protest on campuses in California and several other states in late 2009 and early 2010 (Rosenhall, 2010). Democratic governments are less violent in their response to protest, but their arrest and prosecution of activists may still serve a repressive function by imposing huge legal expenses on a social movement and frightening activists and sympathizers who may not wish to risk arrest and imprisonment. During the Southern civil rights movement, police violence against protesters won national sympathy for the civil rights cause, but arrests and incarceration of civil rights activists in large protest marches looked “better” in comparison and helped stifle dissent without arousing national indignation (Barkan, 1985). As a movement grows, it often tends to become bureaucratized, as paid leaders and a paid staff replace the volunteers that began the movement. Secondly, an association carries the customary behaviour of the society, while the social movement is concerned with some change in behaviour norms. By definition, social movements often operate outside the political system by engaging in protest. The book presents specific chapters outlining the early origins of social movement studies, and more recent theoretical and conceptual developments. Defined in this way, social movements might sound similar to … The political consequences of social movements. First Published 2011. eBook Published 11 January 2016. Top subscription boxes – right to your door, © 1996-2021, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. Discuss examples of how social movements have made a positive difference. More often, however, they decline because they fail. Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! Goodwin, J., Jasper, J. M., & Polletta, F. (2004). Relative deprivation theory was initially very popular, but scholars later pointed out that frustration often does not lead to protest, as people can instead blame themselves for the deprivation they feel and thus not protest (Gurney & Tierney, 1982). The Theories: A Detailed Look What follows is a description of the main tenets of each one of the above-listed theories, their strengths and weaknesses, and how each theory can be applied to explain the birth and growth Buechler’s well-written Understanding Social Movements, a self-described ‘chrono- logical survey’ and ‘sociological history’ (p. 1), does an excellent job of laying out the major routes. But a major difference between social movements and special-interest groups lies in the nature of their actions. ), Principles of sociology (pp. An often-cited study that documented this fundamental point concerned the peace movement in the Netherlands during the 1980s (Klandermans & Oegema, 1987). In A. M. Lee (Ed. 22.1 What Have You Learned From This Book? New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. The labor movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries established the minimum wage, the 40-hour workweek, and the right to strike. This theory assumes that social movement activity is a rational response to unsatisfactory conditions in society. Some of the most important social movements in U.S. history have been reform movements. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Their life cyc… This book offers a new and fresh approach to understanding social movements. Case studies are drawn from North America, Europe, China, Latin America, Africa, India and the Middle East. Prime members enjoy FREE Delivery and exclusive access to music, movies, TV shows, original audio series, and Kindle books. It does not try to overthrow the existing government but rather works to improve conditions within the existing regime. Grossman, L. (2009, June 17). Earl, J. If one needed proof of the potential of this impact, however, events in Iran not long ago provided this proof. Malden, MA: Blackwell. When the government tried to stop the protests and prevented newspapers from covering them, the protesters did what came naturally: they tweeted and texted. Stage 3 is institutionalization or bureaucratization. What is crucial instead are efforts by social movement leaders to mobilize the resources—most notably, time, money, and energy—of the population and to direct them into effective political action. Read preview. In D. A. Please try again. From mobilization to revolution. Political consequences seem most likely to occur when a movement engages in disruptive protest rather than conventional politics and when it has a single-issue focus. To begin this understanding, we first need to understand what social movements are. This process of recruitment is an essential fact of social movement life, as movements usually cannot succeed if sufficient numbers of people are not recruited into the movement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Marketing * change pub date to March 2013 * buil; It also means that clear lines of authority develop, as they do in any bureaucracy. Glenn Halog – Clampdown, We are the 99% – CC BY-NC 2.0. Sociologists identify several types of social movements according to the nature and extent of the change they seek. Snow, D. A., & Soule, S. A. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Unable to add item to List. The Sacramento Bee, p. 1A. Religious movements aim to reinforce religious beliefs among their members and to convert other people to these beliefs. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. Sometimes they achieve their goals and naturally cease because there is no more reason to continue. Edition 1st Edition. 7.4 The Get-Tough Approach: Boon or Bust? This hypothesis received an influential form in Sidney Tarrow's (1994) life-cycle model of social movements. 8.4 Economic Inequality and Poverty in the United States, 9.1 The Nature and Extent of Global Stratification, 10.1 Racial and Ethnic Relations: An American Dilemma, 10.5 Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the United States, 10.6 Race and Ethnicity in the 21st Century, 11.4 Violence Against Women: Rape and Pornography, 11.5 The Benefits and Costs of Being Male, 12.1 Gerontology and the Concept of Aging, 12.2 The Perception and Experience of Aging, 12.4 Life Expectancy, Aging, and the Graying of Society, 12.5 Biological and Psychological Aspects of Aging, 13.1 Economic Development in Historical Perspective, 15.1 The Family in Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives, 15.2 Sociological Perspectives on the Family, 15.3 Family Patterns in the United States Today, 15.4 Changes and Issues Affecting American Families, 16.1 A Brief History of Education in the United States, 16.2 Sociological Perspectives on Education, 17.2 Religion in Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspective, 17.3 Sociological Perspectives on Religion, 17.6 Trends in Religious Belief and Activity, 18.1 Understanding Health, Medicine, and Society, 18.2 Health and Medicine in International Perspective, 18.3 Health and Illness in the United States, 18.4 Medicine and Health Care in the United States, Chapter 20: Social Change and the Environment, Chapter 21: Collective Behavior and Social Movements, Chapter 22: Conclusion: Understanding and Changing the Social World. Several studies find that people who take part in social movements during their formative years (teens and early 20s) are often transformed by their participation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Social movements are organized efforts by large numbers of people to bring about or impede social change. It provides interdisciplinary perspectives on social and cultural protest and contentious politics. Gamson, W. A. It provides interdisciplinary perspectives on social and cultural protest and contentious politics. In contrast, social movements often work outside the system by engaging in various kinds of protest, including demonstrations, picket lines, sit-ins, and sometimes outright violence. The importance of relative deprivation for social protest was popularized by James C. Davies (1962) and Ted Robert Gurr (1970), both of whom built on the earlier work of social psychologists who had studied frustration and aggression. If so, write a brief essay outlining what led you to take part in the protest and what effect, if any, it had on the target of the protest and on your own thinking. Describe the stages of the life cycle of social movements. To understand the origins of social movements, we need answers to two related questions. Movements may also have biographical consequences. The strategy of social protest (2nd ed.). (2010). The book will also prove invaluable for lecturers and academic researchers interested in studying social movements. An effective social movement is usually a combined movement of multiple alliances. Both the lack of money and loss of enthusiasm among a movement’s members may lead to a movement’s decline, and so might factionalism, or strong divisions of opinion within a movement. Barkan, S. E. (1985). Gurr, T. R. (1970). Issues do not automatically drive people into the streets.” Social movement participants tend to have many friends and to belong to several organizations and other sorts of social networks, and these social network ties help “pull” or recruit them into social movements. Greg Martin leads the reader ably from the origins of social-movement scholarship in crowd theory, right through to the most interesting concerns today: globalization, the media, the geography of protest, emotions, narratives, and more. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 287–307. In another line of inquiry, movement scholars disagree over whether movements are more successful if their organizations are bureaucratic and centralized or if they remain decentralized and thus more likely to engage in protest (Piven & Cloward, 1979; Gamson, 1990). The book is an asset for students and a challenge for citizens. The major types of social movements are reform movements, revolutionary movements, reactionary movements, self-help movements, and religious movements. It starts with the foundations and takes us through the prospects for meaningful change in the future. They do not arise in a vacuum, and people must become sufficiently unhappy for a social movement to arise. Involvement in movements is thought to influence participants’ later beliefs and career choices. Resource mobilization theory is a general name given to several related views of social movements that arose in the 1970s (McCarthy & Zald, 1977; Oberschall, 1973; Tilly, 1978). Provide evidence against the assumption that discontent always leads to social movement activity. Stage 1 is emergence. Sociology by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. There was a problem loading your book clubs. A revolutionary movement goes one large step further than a reform movement in seeking to overthrow the existing government and to bring about a new one and even a new way of life. New social movement theory, a development of European social scientists in the 1950s and 1960s, attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to analyze using traditional social movement theories. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Scholars who favor the theory point out that people will ordinarily not take part in social movements unless they feel deprived, even if many who do feel deprived do not take part (Snow & Oliver, 1995). Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. Four major stages in the life cycle of a social movement include emergence, coalescence, institutionalization or bureaucratization, and decline. Piven, F. F. (2006). More attention is also devoted to fund-raising. 2004, 19). Theories from the Classical Era to the Present. (2004). The book will also prove invaluable for lecturers and academic researchers interested in studying social movements. Another type of political movement is the reactionary movement, so named because it tries to block social change or to reverse social changes that have already been achieved. ), The Blackwell companion to social movements (pp. 165–221). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. At the same time, governments and other opponents have often tried to thwart the movements’ efforts. The politics of protest: Social movements in America. Although discontent may be an essential condition for social movements (as well as for riots and other collective behavior that are political in nature), discontent does not always lead to a social movement or other form of collective behavior. Understanding Social Movements: Theories from the Classical Era to the Present, Multicultural Social Work Practice: A Competency-Based Approach to Diversity and Social Justice, Diversity, Oppression, and Change: Culturally Grounded Social Work, Empowerment Series: Social Welfare Policy and Social Programs, Updated (MindTap Course List), Child Development, Fourth Edition: A Practitioner's Guide (Clinical Practice with Children, Adolescents, and Families), Empowerment Series: Direct Social Work Practice: Theory and Skills - Standalone Book, Empowerment Series: Foundations of Social Policy: Social Justice in Human Perspective. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1905125,1905100.html. For social movements to arise, certain political, economic, or other problems must first exist that prompt people to be dissastisfied enough to begin and join a social movement. For example, it might be tempting to think that a prison riot occurred because conditions in the prison were awful, but some prisons with awful conditions do not experience riots. 1.1. Piven, F. F., & Cloward, R. A. 413–432). To understand how and why social change happens, we have to understand why movements begin, how they succeed and fail, and what impact they may have. Stage 2 is coalescence. Social movements can affect values and beliefs, and they can affect cultural practices such as music, literature, and even fashion. Social movements eventually decline for one or more of many reasons. Malden, MA: Blackwell. If their discontent declines, the movement will decline even though these conditions have not changed. Social movements and collective behavior: Social psychological dimensions and considerations. An interesting development in the modern era is the rising use of electronic means to recruit people into social movement activities and to coordinate and publicize these activities. This picture is simply not true, critics say, and they further argue that social movement actors can be both emotional and rational at the same time, just as people are in many other kinds of pursuits. At this stage a movement and its leaders must decide how they will recruit new members and they must determine the strategies they will use to achieve their goals. 22.2 Public Sociology and Improving Society. New Social Movement Theory. It starts with the foundations and takes us through the prospects for meaningful change in the future. Twitter didn’t start the protests in Iran, nor did it make them possible. Giugni, M. (2008). Social movements in the United States and other nations have been great forces for social change. Thus, there is a huge drop-off from the number of potential social movement participants (sympathizers), in terms of their discontent with an existing problem or concern about an issue, to the number of actual social movement participants (activists). In D. A. These include the abolitionist movement preceding the Civil War, the women’s suffrage movement that followed the Civil War, the labor movement, the Southern civil rights movement, the Vietnam era’s antiwar movement, the contemporary women’s movement, the gay rights movement, and the environmental movement. This is the stage when social movements begin for one or more of the reasons indicated in the previous section. This bar-code number lets you verify that you're getting exactly the right version or edition of a book. Understanding Social Movements will be a useful resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students across disciplines wanting to be introduced to or extend their knowledge of the field. It considers key ideas from resource mobilization theory, the political process model, and new social movement approaches. Both Davies and Gurr emphasized that people’s feelings of being relatively deprived were more important for their involvement in collective behavior than their level of actual deprivation. Pub. Social movement scholars, activists, and governments learned an important lesson from the Iranian protests. To reiterate a definition already presented, a social movement An organized effort by a large number of people to bring about or impede social change. It provides interdisciplinary perspectives on social and cultural protest and contentious politics. Fine, & J. S. House (Eds. The contemporary women’s movement has won many rights in social institutions throughout American society, while the gay rights movement has done the same for gays and lesbians. When activists organized a rally or march, they would typically publicize it by posting flyers (which were mass produced at some expense by using a mimeograph machine or photocopier) on trees, telephone poles, and campus billboards, and they would stand on campuses and city streets handing out flyers. American Sociological Review, 52, 519–531. - Nick Crossley, Professor of Sociology, Sociology andMitchell Centre for Social Network Analysis, University of Manchester, UK. As their name implies, self-help movements involve people trying to improve aspects of their personal lives; examples of self-help groups include Alcoholics Anonymous and Weight Watchers. It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s ended legal segregation in the South, while the Vietnam antiwar movement of the 1960s and 1970s helped increase public opposition to that war and bring it to a close. Understanding Social Movements Funders for Justice is a national funder organizing platform that mobilizes resources to grassroots organizing led by and for people of color at the intersections of racial justice, gender justice, criminalization, and models for community safety and justice. New York, NY: Barnes and Noble. The antiabortion movement is a contemporary example of a reactionary movement, as it arose after the U.S. Supreme Court legalized most abortions in Roe v. Wade (1973) and seeks to limit or eliminate the legality of abortion. look at each one of the above theories and how each one can be applied to understanding one particular social movement. Less than a generation ago, the Internet did not exist; cell phones did not exist; and Facebook, Twitter, and other social media did not exist. The Time writer eloquently summarized what Twitter meant to the Iranian protesters: In short, the Iranian election protests in June 2009 revealed the power of Twitter and other electronic media to shape the dynamics and outcomes of protest. Early Christianity was certainly a momentous religious movement, and other groups that are part of a more general religious movement today include the various religious cults discussed in Chapter 17 “Religion”. Mobilization, 11, 129–143. Political repression sometimes leads a social movement to decline or end altogether. American Journal of Sociology, 82, 1212–1241. Paul Wilkinson gives the following working concept of ‗social movement‘: A social movement is a deliberate collective endeavour to promote change in any direction and by any means, not excluding violence, illegality, revolution or withdrawal into ‗utopian‘ community (Shah. Political, biographical, and cultural consequences of social movements. (Grossman, 2009). Resource mobilization theory is used in the study of social movements and argues that the success of social movements depends on resources (time, money, skills, etc.) His other research interests are in criminology and socio-legal studies, and he is co-editor of the book, Secrecy, Law and Society (Routledge, 2015). If this is so, these conditions and associated discontent cannot easily explain why people turn to social movements. Potentials, networks, motivation, and barriers: Steps toward participation in social movements. Davies, J. C. (1962). Meyer, D. S. (2007). Why men rebel. Please share your supplementary material! Critics also say that resource mobilization theory neglects the importance of emotions in social movement activity by depicting social movement actors as cold, calculated, and unemotional (Goodwin, Jasper, & Polletta, 2004). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Please try again. Totalitarian governments rule by brute force, and because they control the consensus worldview of those they rule. However, only about 5% of these residents took part in a protest that the peace movement organized against the deployment. Synopsis. They also may use the news media to win favorable publicity and to convince the public of the justness of their cause. The use of a greater amount of protest seems to be more effective in this regard, as does a focus on a single issue. The “Learning From Other Societies” box discusses a now-famous protest in Iran in which electronic media played a key role. Understanding Social Movements will be a useful resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students across disciplines wanting to be introduced to or extend their knowledge of the field. Sociological Quarterly, 23, 33–47. A social movement is a loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular goal, typically a social or political one. Recruitment by people in the social networks of social movement sympathizers plays a key role in transforming them into social movement activists. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations, Select the department you want to search in. (2010). Sociology Compass, 2, 1582–1600. - David S. Meyer, Professor of Sociology, University of California, Irvine, USA, There are only a handful of textbooks in social movements. Iran protests: Twitter, the medium of the movement. Social movements become possible within certain historical conjunctures, and by their nature as non-institutionalised forms of collective action cannot be sustained for very long. ), The Blackwell companion to social movements (pp. Social movements are purposeful, organized groups that strive to work toward a common social goal. Another contemporary movement is the environmental movement, which has helped win legislation and other policies that have reduced air, water, and ground pollution. In thirteen succinct chapters, Buechler traces movement theories from the classical era of sociology to the most recent examples of transnational activism. As noted earlier, there are many examples of profound changes brought about by social movements throughout U.S. history (Amenta, Caren, Chiarello, & Sue, 2010; Meyer, 2007; Piven, 2006). Understanding Social Movements offers an unusually comprehensive approach to the processes that ordinary people undergo, as they try to remake the worlds they live in. Firstly, an association is an organized group, while some social movements may be totally unorganized. Understanding Social Movements provides a multidisciplinary global introduction integrating theoretical perspectives and rich case study material. Social movements may also be distinguished from association. As its name implies, the goal of a self-help movement is to help people improve their personal lives. 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