The annual report of the EPI was published in 2012 and ranked 132 countries on 22 environmental performance indicators under ten policy categories as mentioned below: 10) Climate change Source: http://epi.yale.edu/sites/default/files/downloads/2012-epi-full-report_0.pdf. 
methodology. Williams (2010) explains the issues of capitalism as follows: Marx captured capitalisms general drive for expansion with his classic definition of the root purpose of the system-the self-expansion of capital, symbolized as M-C-M. When understanding and formulating the sustainable development framework for a community, there are considerable areas to clarify, such as the ability to endure within the system, the important things and processes to be sustained by the community in the system, and the actual needs, requirements, and wishes. Both natural and human resources are essential to develop the wellbeing of human life through time and space. The 1973 and 1979 energy crises demonstrated the extent to which the global community had become dependent on non-renewable energy resources. For example, modern and safe sanitation systems and scientific advances in western medical sciences have provided protection from many diseases and epidemics (Meadows et al., 1972; Turner, 2008). education sustainability higher journal international volume issue He argues that the environmental policy of a country reflects its political philosophy. (Meadows, Meadows, & Randers et al., 1972; Ukaga, Okechukwu, Maser, Chris, Reichenbach, & Michael, 2013), (Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy/Center for International Earth Science Information Network at Columbia University, 2013), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The equation is: where I = Environmental impact, P = Population, A = Affluence and T = Technology. ScP.,YjB#D:xN]Q-3="RbfklTe<=mNT5n >>KOu 0000030915 00000 n
To make these very general principles useful and practical, indicators developed for a specific community around each principle would be useful. These approaches help policy planners, law makers, academics, practitioners and the general public to think about social-ecological relations. 
"s~^&8!-|8Cy8b2hK5ej# (1994) . The sustainability and equity of local livelihood systems are interdependent and interlinked with other dynamic social and biophysical systems, and may involve hierarchies along multiple dimensions, for example, gender, class, and caste. 0000048756 00000 n
This is the focal point of the concept of sustainability, that all members of society, from the household to the global community must be taken into consideration in any kind of decision-making process intended to enhance present and future human wellbeing. 1) Intrinsic existence value: of the biophysical world and all of its inhabitants. Such analyses require region and time specific, rather than broad, sustainable indicators. do today is the future of human society. They argue that studies of social-ecological systems must consider both human communities and natural resources, and their modification by human actions through time. In 1987, the Brundtland commission published Our Common Future, emphasizing the need for sustainable development practices. The above arguments explain the profit maximization process of capitalism and the consequent generation of unsustainability in society, economy and the biophysical environment. A vast literature on sustainable development has given rise to many definitions since the classic formulation of the Brundtland report, Our Common Future (WCED, 1987). The environmental management3 approach is based largely on information gained from educated professionals in many fields of Earth Science, Environmental Science, Conservation Biology and Geography. Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. Sustaining this capacity requires analysis and understanding of feedbacks and, more general, the dynamics of the interactions between ecological systems and social systems (Berkes, Colding and Folke, 2003, Van der Leeuw, 2000). Everything (including economy, social system, and equity) depend on the environment. Such movements differ from mainstream environmentalism or sustainable development because they are generally couched in terms of defending not only particular environments, but also the lives and livelihoods that those environments sustain. ijgs )zu#Y2:v0"}x:6wIuMl")Zb|:EdA(81e\6^n30r?siqquicAoMnr*Na[FWu+s international higher education sustainability journal volume issue 0000006013 00000 n
0000003425 00000 n
S-&g{2dDzjqCIxsx8@_]+Z7n}y0y t#xG8?SR;|8|~b}~' &}8ze_x7ilzE=UiM.h>{b\c5BC0@x ltAt:I+j [#m&.Oy76_0knX2+=Q-mXJ0yj_sX(h[gQ0,v2~@s[(GR! Even a sustainable system eventually succumbs to entropy, asteroid collisions or other astronomical cataclysms. issn bimonthly At present in the 21st Century, there are many controversial environmental issues, from the global to local level, such as global warming, environmental changes, floods, landslides, and droughts. Folke and Kabeger (1991) state It is not meaningful to measure the absolute sustainability of a society at any point in time. These definitions have been applied for the study of developing a sustainable development framework for environmentally sensitive areas of central environmental sensitive area of Sri Lanka. x:2+ )6b4A`/c7d.NL9@_"N9g&?\ Therefore, even without a capitalist economy, environmental sustainability is not guaranteed.
journal sustainable tourism People tend to believe that this continual process is unstoppable. mining pindel mariusz tomasz smoliski sustainability higher journal education international volume issue The 3Es concept has been widely used as common ground for sustainability standards and environmental certification systems by various institutions and organizations, to protect the natural environment of the Earth for future generations (Manning et al., 2011; Reinecke et al., 2012; SAI Platform, 2010). After the agricultural revolution, 8000 and 10,000 years ago, agrarian communities emerged which depended largely on their environment and the creation of a structure of permanence (Clarke, 1977).
methodology. 0000005106 00000 n
They give primacy to agricultural development, and emphasize not only prices, markets and private sector activities but also capacity building, grass roots participation, decentralization and sound environmental practices the time has come to put them fully into practice (Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 1989). It is very clear that while economy is not everything. For example, in the Chernobyl disaster, hundreds of people were killed, land and animals were contaminated, and the impact continues in the contemporary generation. sustainability journal economic cultural social international context research journals To sustain peoples wellbeing in a region, it is essential to move from clouds to concrete and develop practical assessment tools. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has a similar definition: Sustainable development is a commitment to improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. R(tBJ yaGK7&SJIz`-m`,5\y_CBZPa6u)DG&Uw+[hu/hb>'zJ@Jstzm2kAmdNkU7^Fhx>^d&)\?c Source: Forestry Commission of Great Britain. 0000054372 00000 n
An ecological footprint is a measure of the load placed on the biosphere by a given population. Robert Engelmen (2013), president of the Worldwatch Institute expressed this conundrum well: We live today in an age of sustainability, a cacophonous profusion of uses of the word sustainability to mean anything from environmentally better to cool. There are two major approaches in managing the human impact on ecosystem services: environmental management and management of resource consumption. social-ecological systems in environmentally sensitive areas is very
Conservation or management of components of the biophysical environment towards a sustainable future is very complex because the relationship between social systems and ecological systems is very complex. This analysis requires a radical critique of population pressure on resources in the view of environment, conservation, and development of a community. This study uses both approaches because both are essential to maintain sustainable social ecological systems. sustainability indonesian environmental journal management published gdZW{MLw/rk68.\./Ye^$qul1QR.[VK
mNUw%Rr;7EG.,v* IamB=;p;. This study focuses on three village areas in Sabaragamuwa province, where the main livelihood is agriculture. Using case studies from Africa, Asia and Latin America, they demonstrated the usefulness of case-specific data to test theoretical models of resource use and land degradation. (2013) have pointed out that; The ISEW (Indicator of Sustainable Economic Welfare) and GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator) were the results of these discussions. Where there is no scarcity, scarcity is created in order to maximize profit through artificial competition. For this reason, I use the concept of social-ecological systems throughout this study. xkE?I.q:HqQN?ND"UK;R|-7}{+?Oo|(T)|'/JD$^Oo|_K/>r*\B`*Y;Zre=.mb/o> #M|] IY]4\Lu8\Rj'
_z/EO5gv{2CR7?n80t]%b/J5aX8$Xl8DIJ?:m%=.Q"ry
95~Wf-w|/ _8*wyQ ap?/ '#*/1L8"?#?/@"Dxq \@|5.R/8J BR%hH}K~: 97wh`*_,5E!A3C]-P!bNbOcH9#m~*9u{eQyN+5| &3#_ESlp-UU+9F'
u| Nu* J1(3 n
!sk[#p&H? All kinds of achievement of people, as individuals, communities, nations or the entire global population, depend in very complex and complicated ways on the natural resources used to maintain their and future generations livelihoods. Management of consumption of resources is based largely on information gained from professionals in development. 
Blaikie and Brookfield (1987) brought to light crucial issues of land degradation and society, examining the relationship between poverty and land degradation, with three major conclusions. There are conceptual challenges in applying the concept of sustainability. This reiterates Karl Marx suggestion that people make their own
(2009). For example, a General indicator is Job Growth Rate. Wackernagel and Rees (1996) describe this approach: This analysis conceives of footprint as accounting tools for calculating human impacts in terms of the land and water areas appropriated for energy and resource consumption and for waste disposal. Marxist and Neo-Marxists argue that the process is stoppable because everything changes, evolves, and dies out, and new species come into being. Sheppered et al. 2) Recreational or scenic value: of places, or the ways that they give meaning to life. Little and Horowitz (1987) developed the regional political ecology approach, focusing on the producer and ecological pressure in a particular geographic location. do today is the future of human society. Finally they expressed the importance of a new way to conceptualize and measure economic progress of societies. This study pays attention to the sustainability of the relationship between natural resources and human activities of three selected social-ecological systems in the environmentally sensitive areas of Sabaragamuwa Province in Sri Lanka.
methodology. Williams (2010) explains the issues of capitalism as follows: Marx captured capitalisms general drive for expansion with his classic definition of the root purpose of the system-the self-expansion of capital, symbolized as M-C-M. When understanding and formulating the sustainable development framework for a community, there are considerable areas to clarify, such as the ability to endure within the system, the important things and processes to be sustained by the community in the system, and the actual needs, requirements, and wishes. Both natural and human resources are essential to develop the wellbeing of human life through time and space. The 1973 and 1979 energy crises demonstrated the extent to which the global community had become dependent on non-renewable energy resources. For example, modern and safe sanitation systems and scientific advances in western medical sciences have provided protection from many diseases and epidemics (Meadows et al., 1972; Turner, 2008). education sustainability higher journal international volume issue He argues that the environmental policy of a country reflects its political philosophy. (Meadows, Meadows, & Randers et al., 1972; Ukaga, Okechukwu, Maser, Chris, Reichenbach, & Michael, 2013), (Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy/Center for International Earth Science Information Network at Columbia University, 2013), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The equation is: where I = Environmental impact, P = Population, A = Affluence and T = Technology. ScP.,YjB#D:xN]Q-3="RbfklTe<=mNT5n >>KOu 0000030915 00000 n
To make these very general principles useful and practical, indicators developed for a specific community around each principle would be useful. These approaches help policy planners, law makers, academics, practitioners and the general public to think about social-ecological relations. 
"s~^&8!-|8Cy8b2hK5ej# (1994) . The sustainability and equity of local livelihood systems are interdependent and interlinked with other dynamic social and biophysical systems, and may involve hierarchies along multiple dimensions, for example, gender, class, and caste. 0000048756 00000 n
This is the focal point of the concept of sustainability, that all members of society, from the household to the global community must be taken into consideration in any kind of decision-making process intended to enhance present and future human wellbeing. 1) Intrinsic existence value: of the biophysical world and all of its inhabitants. Such analyses require region and time specific, rather than broad, sustainable indicators. do today is the future of human society. They argue that studies of social-ecological systems must consider both human communities and natural resources, and their modification by human actions through time. In 1987, the Brundtland commission published Our Common Future, emphasizing the need for sustainable development practices. The above arguments explain the profit maximization process of capitalism and the consequent generation of unsustainability in society, economy and the biophysical environment. A vast literature on sustainable development has given rise to many definitions since the classic formulation of the Brundtland report, Our Common Future (WCED, 1987). The environmental management3 approach is based largely on information gained from educated professionals in many fields of Earth Science, Environmental Science, Conservation Biology and Geography. Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. Sustaining this capacity requires analysis and understanding of feedbacks and, more general, the dynamics of the interactions between ecological systems and social systems (Berkes, Colding and Folke, 2003, Van der Leeuw, 2000). Everything (including economy, social system, and equity) depend on the environment. Such movements differ from mainstream environmentalism or sustainable development because they are generally couched in terms of defending not only particular environments, but also the lives and livelihoods that those environments sustain. ijgs )zu#Y2:v0"}x:6wIuMl")Zb|:EdA(81e\6^n30r?siqquicAoMnr*Na[FWu+s international higher education sustainability journal volume issue 0000006013 00000 n
0000003425 00000 n
S-&g{2dDzjqCIxsx8@_]+Z7n}y0y t#xG8?SR;|8|~b}~' &}8ze_x7ilzE=UiM.h>{b\c5BC0@x ltAt:I+j [#m&.Oy76_0knX2+=Q-mXJ0yj_sX(h[gQ0,v2~@s[(GR! Even a sustainable system eventually succumbs to entropy, asteroid collisions or other astronomical cataclysms. issn bimonthly At present in the 21st Century, there are many controversial environmental issues, from the global to local level, such as global warming, environmental changes, floods, landslides, and droughts. Folke and Kabeger (1991) state It is not meaningful to measure the absolute sustainability of a society at any point in time. These definitions have been applied for the study of developing a sustainable development framework for environmentally sensitive areas of central environmental sensitive area of Sri Lanka. x:2+ )6b4A`/c7d.NL9@_"N9g&?\ Therefore, even without a capitalist economy, environmental sustainability is not guaranteed. 
journal sustainable tourism People tend to believe that this continual process is unstoppable. mining pindel mariusz tomasz smoliski sustainability higher journal education international volume issue The 3Es concept has been widely used as common ground for sustainability standards and environmental certification systems by various institutions and organizations, to protect the natural environment of the Earth for future generations (Manning et al., 2011; Reinecke et al., 2012; SAI Platform, 2010). After the agricultural revolution, 8000 and 10,000 years ago, agrarian communities emerged which depended largely on their environment and the creation of a structure of permanence (Clarke, 1977).
methodology. 0000005106 00000 n
They give primacy to agricultural development, and emphasize not only prices, markets and private sector activities but also capacity building, grass roots participation, decentralization and sound environmental practices the time has come to put them fully into practice (Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 1989). It is very clear that while economy is not everything. For example, in the Chernobyl disaster, hundreds of people were killed, land and animals were contaminated, and the impact continues in the contemporary generation. sustainability journal economic cultural social international context research journals To sustain peoples wellbeing in a region, it is essential to move from clouds to concrete and develop practical assessment tools. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has a similar definition: Sustainable development is a commitment to improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. R(tBJ yaGK7&SJIz`-m`,5\y_CBZPa6u)DG&Uw+[hu/hb>'zJ@Jstzm2kAmdNkU7^Fhx>^d&)\?c Source: Forestry Commission of Great Britain. 0000054372 00000 n
An ecological footprint is a measure of the load placed on the biosphere by a given population. Robert Engelmen (2013), president of the Worldwatch Institute expressed this conundrum well: We live today in an age of sustainability, a cacophonous profusion of uses of the word sustainability to mean anything from environmentally better to cool. There are two major approaches in managing the human impact on ecosystem services: environmental management and management of resource consumption. social-ecological systems in environmentally sensitive areas is very
Conservation or management of components of the biophysical environment towards a sustainable future is very complex because the relationship between social systems and ecological systems is very complex. This analysis requires a radical critique of population pressure on resources in the view of environment, conservation, and development of a community. This study uses both approaches because both are essential to maintain sustainable social ecological systems. sustainability indonesian environmental journal management published gdZW{MLw/rk68.\./Ye^$qul1QR.[VK
mNUw%Rr;7EG.,v* IamB=;p;. This study focuses on three village areas in Sabaragamuwa province, where the main livelihood is agriculture. Using case studies from Africa, Asia and Latin America, they demonstrated the usefulness of case-specific data to test theoretical models of resource use and land degradation. (2013) have pointed out that; The ISEW (Indicator of Sustainable Economic Welfare) and GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator) were the results of these discussions. Where there is no scarcity, scarcity is created in order to maximize profit through artificial competition. For this reason, I use the concept of social-ecological systems throughout this study. xkE?I.q:HqQN?ND"UK;R|-7}{+?Oo|(T)|'/JD$^Oo|_K/>r*\B`*Y;Zre=.mb/o> #M|] IY]4\Lu8\Rj'
_z/EO5gv{2CR7?n80t]%b/J5aX8$Xl8DIJ?:m%=.Q"ry
95~Wf-w|/ _8*wyQ ap?/ '#*/1L8"?#?/@"Dxq \@|5.R/8J BR%hH}K~: 97wh`*_,5E!A3C]-P!bNbOcH9#m~*9u{eQyN+5| &3#_ESlp-UU+9F'
u| Nu* J1(3 n
!sk[#p&H? All kinds of achievement of people, as individuals, communities, nations or the entire global population, depend in very complex and complicated ways on the natural resources used to maintain their and future generations livelihoods. Management of consumption of resources is based largely on information gained from professionals in development. 
Blaikie and Brookfield (1987) brought to light crucial issues of land degradation and society, examining the relationship between poverty and land degradation, with three major conclusions. There are conceptual challenges in applying the concept of sustainability. This reiterates Karl Marx suggestion that people make their own
(2009). For example, a General indicator is Job Growth Rate. Wackernagel and Rees (1996) describe this approach: This analysis conceives of footprint as accounting tools for calculating human impacts in terms of the land and water areas appropriated for energy and resource consumption and for waste disposal. Marxist and Neo-Marxists argue that the process is stoppable because everything changes, evolves, and dies out, and new species come into being. Sheppered et al. 2) Recreational or scenic value: of places, or the ways that they give meaning to life. Little and Horowitz (1987) developed the regional political ecology approach, focusing on the producer and ecological pressure in a particular geographic location. do today is the future of human society. Finally they expressed the importance of a new way to conceptualize and measure economic progress of societies. This study pays attention to the sustainability of the relationship between natural resources and human activities of three selected social-ecological systems in the environmentally sensitive areas of Sabaragamuwa Province in Sri Lanka.
