For the KWS 1325 plants, the increase was 0.93 g per plant, respectively. Swoboda and Pedersen [46] also reported that growth of soybean was enhanced by a foliar spray of pyraclostrobin.
The plant development phase of maize is strictly dependent on the reaction of plants to drought stress. As a result, the mass gain of the KWS 1325 plants was similar to that of the Ambrosini plants. Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Rolin.
Experimental variant heatmap with cluster analyses were performed to analyse similarities between plant photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Thus, the beneficial effects on the physiology of the maize varieties grown under drought stress from the fungicide application are significant for farmers and growers.
A similar plant was left in each pot after thinning.
Some studies indicate that fungicides can improve physiological traits, such as photosynthesis, the antioxidant system, nitrogen metabolism (and thus promote growth) [6] and increase grain yield, regardless of whether the plant is affected by a disease [7,8]. Yet, when it is applied a long time after negative environmental conditions, a slight effect, or even a lack of effect may be observed [14]. PE = (Pmax*E) /(Km+E), where PE is the photosynthetic rate at any irradiance E, E is the spectral irradiance (in mol m-2 s-1), and Km is the half saturation constant (Ek) when PE = Pmax/2. Before harvesting, plant height was measured from the surface of the pot to the tip of the longest leaf.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil.
The help of Dominika Radzikowska MSc with the greenhouse trial and measurements is kindly acknowledged.
The
Recent Weather Extremes and Impacts on Agricultural Production and Vector-Borne Disease Outbreak Patterns, Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance, Global Synthesis of Drought Effects on Maize and Wheat Production. Notably, the R parameter for the preparation-treated Ambrosini plants during drought stress was significantly higher than the value of this parameter for the KWS 1325 plants and could explain the minor increase observed in dry matter of Ambrosini plants, as well as the smaller number of maize cob buds.
However, there is a paucity of information as to how some of the new generation fungicides act in stimulating grain yield in plants under abiotic stress, especially drought.
In both varieties, the use of the preparation boosted the respiratory processes significantly.
However, the stomata in some plants remain open despite the loss of water and higher transpiration rates. Two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids, traditional leaf senenscence KWS 1325 and stay-green Ambrosini were obtained from KWS-Poland for experiments.
Przybysz A, Wrochna M, Sowiski A., Gawroska H. Stimulatory effect of Asahi SL on selected plant species, The effect of foliar application of some preparations on yield and quality of feverfew (, Efekty stosowania biostymulatora Asahi w uprawie rnych gatunkw warzyw, Impact of pyraclostrobin (F-500) on crop plants, Wise K, Mueller D. Are fungicides no longer just for fungi? Maize is a sensitive crop and droughts can lead to severe losses.
In our study, the varieties showed different responses to the application of the pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole fungicide preparation, although their reaction to drought stress was similar.
Volume II.
The surplus energy can be dissipated as heat, or it can be re-emitted as light-chlorophyll fluorescence.
Studies have documented strongly reduced kernel numbers in maize plants, where approximately 40% of the final ear length was reached at silking and the remaining 60% was attained after silking [21]. Chlorophyll Content Index (CCI) in the leaves of Ambrosini was greater than in the leaves of KWS 1325 (Table 2).
The increased concentration of intracellular CO2 suggests greater respiration rates and thus a greater consumption of energy and could explain why the dry matter content of the Ambrosini plants was lower after regeneration. a; b, chomogeneous groups (Tukeys test). Fletcher RA, Gilley A, Sankhla N, Davis TD. FOIA
The application of the preparation was made in a working fluid concentration of 5 mL / L H2O (1 L / 200 L H2O / ha) using a laboratory sprayer. A reduction in abiotic stress is often very difficult to achieve and biostimulators could play a crucial role in this regard.
The use of the preparation resulted in a decrease in the Ec value in the treated plants, indicating a slowdown in plant respiration. The specific role of this author is articulated in the author contributions section. In the first measurement, the CCI value of the Ambrosini leaves was 7.6% higher (16.05) than in the KWS 1325 (14.91) leaves. The following parameters were measured or/and calculated: In general, the variation in activity of the photosynthetic apparatus resulted from the two tested factors (the preparation, and varietal differences). Nevertheless, the best solution could be a combination of fungicide protection with actions that stimulate plant growth. It is important that the intensity of the measuring light is set sufficiently high to induce a fluorescence signal appropriate for photosynthetic yield measurements in light adapted samples. Bulg, Photochemical and antioxidant responses in the leaves of Xerophyta viscosa Baker and Digitaria sanguinalis L. under water deficit.
The maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax), irradiance compensation point (Ec), saturating irradiance (Ek), half saturation (Km) and dark respiration (R) were calculated on the basis of the light-response curves (P-E curve).
This was shown by a significantly lower Ek value. Khle H, Grossmann K., Jabs T, et al.
Facilitation of plant growth through the use of the preparation produced a lower Ek value; the values decreased by 64.1 and 135.0 mol m-2 s-1 for KWS 1325 and Ambrosini plants, respectively. When there is a short period between the application of a particular substance and the occurrence of stress, it is often connected to a positive response from the plants. As a result, the plants germinated at the same time.
ns no statistically significant influence on tested trait (p > 0.05).
After plant regeneration, the Ec parameter decreased in both varieties.
Expression of this diversity can be noticed in drought conditions especially if fluorescence and gas exchange are measured together [74,75].
Parameters: A- Quantum Yield of photosystem II (Yield), B- Electron Transport Rate (ETR), C- Stomatal conductance of H2O (gs; mmol m-2 s-1), D- Transpiration rate (E; mmol m-2 s-1 at a light intensity of 400 mol photon m-2 s-1), E- Photosynthetic rate (A; mol CO2 m-2 s-1 at a light intensity of 400 mol photon m-2 s-1), F- water use efficiency (WUE; evaluated during drought stress in plants of both varieties, depending on the preparation tested). The Ambrosini variety contained more chlorophyll in its leaves and was more resistant to drought stress than the KWS 1325 variety.
The plants had not been watered for 23 days and after showing severe symptoms of drought (leaf curl maintained 24 hours a day), measurements of their physiological status were performed.
Plants can also expel water from their cuticles; this feature depends on the species and their ability to conduct water from the cuticle [57]. Khalili M, Naghavi MR, Aboughadareh AP, et al.
Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland, All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress Tolerance in Plants. Maize plants have evolutionary adapted to water-limited habitats by propagation of electric and hydraulic signals in the root system. An analysis of foliar fungicide use in corn, APSnet Features 2011, 10.1094/APSnetFeature-2011-0531. Restoration of maize plants after magnesium starvation with the help of magnesium and Siapton. After the experiment, the dry matter weight of both varieties and the buds of the Ambrosini cobs increased by 1.04 g per plant, respectively.
The application of the preparation stimulated synthesis of chlorophyll in the leaves.
In the Ambrosini variety, the use of the preparation boosted both photosynthesis and transpiration rates under drought conditions.
Climatologists predict that over the next decades some areas will experience both an increase in the occurrence of drought and an escalation of flooding incidence [1].
The biggest challenge for crop growers is to increase the efficiency of water use as this is essential to maintaining yield levels, especially when drought conditions are forecast [68].
Triazoles as plan growth regulators and stress protectants, Model concept to express genetic differences in maize yield components, Effects of soil-water deficits during tassell emergence on development and yield component of maize (. Stoyanov I. Proc.
This is important in the case of C4 plants where WUE is twice as high as in C3 plants (where 1.32 g of dry matter production requires 1 kg of water).
In the period from sowing to the start of induced drought, the maize plants were maintained in optimal conditions. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, GUID:95CDF28F-EC4F-44D7-B88E-3C6A08FAC63D.
An increase in plant biomass (6.99%) as a result of the use of the preparation was observed after plant regeneration.
When maintained under a high light intensity, the variety used increased efficiency and exchanged excessive energy in the form of thermal energy to protect the maize leaf from light-induced damage under drought stress.
The mechanisms of dissipation and photoprotection in the two maize varieties in our study were different.
Triazoles promote responses by pre-inducing resistance to abiotic stresses, such as drought [19], and the effect of substances from this group may be inhibitory or stimulatory as it depends on the compound, concentration used and type of plant [20]. Lawlor DW. The preparations are described as remedies for all problems, as they support plant growth and may also be used in organic farming [5]. In order to reduce costs, chemical companies register and introduce market preparations that are often based on insignificant, inexpensive and naturally occurring components. Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis from molecular mechanisms to the field, Differential inhibition of photosynthesis during pre-flowering drought stress in Sorghum bicolor genotypes with different senescence traits, Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence in maize plants with imposed rapid dehydration at different leaf ages, Comparison of the drought stress responses of tolerant and sensitive wheat cultivars during grain filling: changes in flag leaf photosynthetic activity, ABA levels, and grain yield, Gas exchange measurements, what they can tell us about the underlying limitations to photosynthesis? Furthermore, the parameter A and gs values were 2.1 times higher for the Ambrosini plants than for the KWS 1325 plants. However, non-stomatal limitations can occur with an increase in stress intensity.
The highest mean quantum Yield PSII and ETR values were recorded in the Ambrosini plants treated with the preparation during the drought stress phase. Our study is in agreement with previous studies that observed that assimilation, transfer and use of light energy decreased in maize varieties under drought conditions.
Root growth maintenance during water deficits: physiology to functional genomics, Photosynthesis by six Portuguese maize cultivars during drought stress and recovery. de Souza TC, Magalhaes PC., de Castro EM, et al. Under drought conditions, Ambrosini functioned significantly better than KWS 1325; proven by the higher Yield and ETR parameter values (Fig 1A and 1B).
The plant development phase of maize is strictly dependent on the reaction of plants to drought stress. As a result, the mass gain of the KWS 1325 plants was similar to that of the Ambrosini plants. Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Rolin.
Experimental variant heatmap with cluster analyses were performed to analyse similarities between plant photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Thus, the beneficial effects on the physiology of the maize varieties grown under drought stress from the fungicide application are significant for farmers and growers.
A similar plant was left in each pot after thinning.
Some studies indicate that fungicides can improve physiological traits, such as photosynthesis, the antioxidant system, nitrogen metabolism (and thus promote growth) [6] and increase grain yield, regardless of whether the plant is affected by a disease [7,8]. Yet, when it is applied a long time after negative environmental conditions, a slight effect, or even a lack of effect may be observed [14]. PE = (Pmax*E) /(Km+E), where PE is the photosynthetic rate at any irradiance E, E is the spectral irradiance (in mol m-2 s-1), and Km is the half saturation constant (Ek) when PE = Pmax/2. Before harvesting, plant height was measured from the surface of the pot to the tip of the longest leaf.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil.
The help of Dominika Radzikowska MSc with the greenhouse trial and measurements is kindly acknowledged.
The
Recent Weather Extremes and Impacts on Agricultural Production and Vector-Borne Disease Outbreak Patterns, Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance, Global Synthesis of Drought Effects on Maize and Wheat Production. Notably, the R parameter for the preparation-treated Ambrosini plants during drought stress was significantly higher than the value of this parameter for the KWS 1325 plants and could explain the minor increase observed in dry matter of Ambrosini plants, as well as the smaller number of maize cob buds.
However, there is a paucity of information as to how some of the new generation fungicides act in stimulating grain yield in plants under abiotic stress, especially drought.
In both varieties, the use of the preparation boosted the respiratory processes significantly.
However, the stomata in some plants remain open despite the loss of water and higher transpiration rates. Two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids, traditional leaf senenscence KWS 1325 and stay-green Ambrosini were obtained from KWS-Poland for experiments.
Przybysz A, Wrochna M, Sowiski A., Gawroska H. Stimulatory effect of Asahi SL on selected plant species, The effect of foliar application of some preparations on yield and quality of feverfew (, Efekty stosowania biostymulatora Asahi w uprawie rnych gatunkw warzyw, Impact of pyraclostrobin (F-500) on crop plants, Wise K, Mueller D. Are fungicides no longer just for fungi? Maize is a sensitive crop and droughts can lead to severe losses.
In our study, the varieties showed different responses to the application of the pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole fungicide preparation, although their reaction to drought stress was similar.
Volume II.
The surplus energy can be dissipated as heat, or it can be re-emitted as light-chlorophyll fluorescence.
Studies have documented strongly reduced kernel numbers in maize plants, where approximately 40% of the final ear length was reached at silking and the remaining 60% was attained after silking [21]. Chlorophyll Content Index (CCI) in the leaves of Ambrosini was greater than in the leaves of KWS 1325 (Table 2).
The increased concentration of intracellular CO2 suggests greater respiration rates and thus a greater consumption of energy and could explain why the dry matter content of the Ambrosini plants was lower after regeneration. a; b, chomogeneous groups (Tukeys test). Fletcher RA, Gilley A, Sankhla N, Davis TD. FOIA
The application of the preparation was made in a working fluid concentration of 5 mL / L H2O (1 L / 200 L H2O / ha) using a laboratory sprayer. A reduction in abiotic stress is often very difficult to achieve and biostimulators could play a crucial role in this regard.
The use of the preparation resulted in a decrease in the Ec value in the treated plants, indicating a slowdown in plant respiration. The specific role of this author is articulated in the author contributions section. In the first measurement, the CCI value of the Ambrosini leaves was 7.6% higher (16.05) than in the KWS 1325 (14.91) leaves. The following parameters were measured or/and calculated: In general, the variation in activity of the photosynthetic apparatus resulted from the two tested factors (the preparation, and varietal differences). Nevertheless, the best solution could be a combination of fungicide protection with actions that stimulate plant growth. It is important that the intensity of the measuring light is set sufficiently high to induce a fluorescence signal appropriate for photosynthetic yield measurements in light adapted samples. Bulg, Photochemical and antioxidant responses in the leaves of Xerophyta viscosa Baker and Digitaria sanguinalis L. under water deficit.
The maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax), irradiance compensation point (Ec), saturating irradiance (Ek), half saturation (Km) and dark respiration (R) were calculated on the basis of the light-response curves (P-E curve).
This was shown by a significantly lower Ek value. Khle H, Grossmann K., Jabs T, et al.
Facilitation of plant growth through the use of the preparation produced a lower Ek value; the values decreased by 64.1 and 135.0 mol m-2 s-1 for KWS 1325 and Ambrosini plants, respectively. When there is a short period between the application of a particular substance and the occurrence of stress, it is often connected to a positive response from the plants. As a result, the plants germinated at the same time.
ns no statistically significant influence on tested trait (p > 0.05).
After plant regeneration, the Ec parameter decreased in both varieties.
Expression of this diversity can be noticed in drought conditions especially if fluorescence and gas exchange are measured together [74,75].
Parameters: A- Quantum Yield of photosystem II (Yield), B- Electron Transport Rate (ETR), C- Stomatal conductance of H2O (gs; mmol m-2 s-1), D- Transpiration rate (E; mmol m-2 s-1 at a light intensity of 400 mol photon m-2 s-1), E- Photosynthetic rate (A; mol CO2 m-2 s-1 at a light intensity of 400 mol photon m-2 s-1), F- water use efficiency (WUE; evaluated during drought stress in plants of both varieties, depending on the preparation tested). The Ambrosini variety contained more chlorophyll in its leaves and was more resistant to drought stress than the KWS 1325 variety.
The plants had not been watered for 23 days and after showing severe symptoms of drought (leaf curl maintained 24 hours a day), measurements of their physiological status were performed.
Plants can also expel water from their cuticles; this feature depends on the species and their ability to conduct water from the cuticle [57]. Khalili M, Naghavi MR, Aboughadareh AP, et al.
Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland, All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress Tolerance in Plants. Maize plants have evolutionary adapted to water-limited habitats by propagation of electric and hydraulic signals in the root system. An analysis of foliar fungicide use in corn, APSnet Features 2011, 10.1094/APSnetFeature-2011-0531. Restoration of maize plants after magnesium starvation with the help of magnesium and Siapton. After the experiment, the dry matter weight of both varieties and the buds of the Ambrosini cobs increased by 1.04 g per plant, respectively.
The application of the preparation stimulated synthesis of chlorophyll in the leaves.
In the Ambrosini variety, the use of the preparation boosted both photosynthesis and transpiration rates under drought conditions.
Climatologists predict that over the next decades some areas will experience both an increase in the occurrence of drought and an escalation of flooding incidence [1].
The biggest challenge for crop growers is to increase the efficiency of water use as this is essential to maintaining yield levels, especially when drought conditions are forecast [68].
Triazoles as plan growth regulators and stress protectants, Model concept to express genetic differences in maize yield components, Effects of soil-water deficits during tassell emergence on development and yield component of maize (. Stoyanov I. Proc.
This is important in the case of C4 plants where WUE is twice as high as in C3 plants (where 1.32 g of dry matter production requires 1 kg of water).
In the period from sowing to the start of induced drought, the maize plants were maintained in optimal conditions. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, GUID:95CDF28F-EC4F-44D7-B88E-3C6A08FAC63D.
An increase in plant biomass (6.99%) as a result of the use of the preparation was observed after plant regeneration.
When maintained under a high light intensity, the variety used increased efficiency and exchanged excessive energy in the form of thermal energy to protect the maize leaf from light-induced damage under drought stress.
The mechanisms of dissipation and photoprotection in the two maize varieties in our study were different.
Triazoles promote responses by pre-inducing resistance to abiotic stresses, such as drought [19], and the effect of substances from this group may be inhibitory or stimulatory as it depends on the compound, concentration used and type of plant [20]. Lawlor DW. The preparations are described as remedies for all problems, as they support plant growth and may also be used in organic farming [5]. In order to reduce costs, chemical companies register and introduce market preparations that are often based on insignificant, inexpensive and naturally occurring components. Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis from molecular mechanisms to the field, Differential inhibition of photosynthesis during pre-flowering drought stress in Sorghum bicolor genotypes with different senescence traits, Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence in maize plants with imposed rapid dehydration at different leaf ages, Comparison of the drought stress responses of tolerant and sensitive wheat cultivars during grain filling: changes in flag leaf photosynthetic activity, ABA levels, and grain yield, Gas exchange measurements, what they can tell us about the underlying limitations to photosynthesis? Furthermore, the parameter A and gs values were 2.1 times higher for the Ambrosini plants than for the KWS 1325 plants. However, non-stomatal limitations can occur with an increase in stress intensity.
The highest mean quantum Yield PSII and ETR values were recorded in the Ambrosini plants treated with the preparation during the drought stress phase. Our study is in agreement with previous studies that observed that assimilation, transfer and use of light energy decreased in maize varieties under drought conditions.
Root growth maintenance during water deficits: physiology to functional genomics, Photosynthesis by six Portuguese maize cultivars during drought stress and recovery. de Souza TC, Magalhaes PC., de Castro EM, et al. Under drought conditions, Ambrosini functioned significantly better than KWS 1325; proven by the higher Yield and ETR parameter values (Fig 1A and 1B).