(a) Adsorption of chlorophenoxyacetic acid onto the orange peel activated carbon (OPAC) obtained from orange peel waste. When researchers treated pupae with 0.04 g/g of chlorantraniliprole, the butterflies did not emerge.9, Chlorantraniliprole is not very toxic to most soil invertebrates including
Sequential applications of the same herbicide may select glyphosate-tolerant species such as C.benghalensis (Minozzi etal., 2014; Carvalho etal., 2008), justifying herbicide mixing in the tank. Fungicide sprays or dusts are also applied to diseased turfgrass areas. However, scientists do not expect either the formulated products or the breakdown chemicals to be more toxic than pure chlorantraniliprole.4, In water, both sunlight and chemical reactions down chlorantraniliprole.4 The reactions and the breakdown chemicals depend on water acidity.19, Scientists made biochar from walnut shells. To date, considering limited studies of root-associated microbial communities with respect to pesticides, hence adequate investigation should be undertaken to enhance the understanding the microbiome of root zone under various concentrations of pesticide residues. grows in South America and the Caribbean.6 Scientists realized in the 1940s that Ryania speciosa is toxic to insects.10 Ryania extract was used as a registered insecticide until 1996.2 Ryania extract itself is no longer used because it is very toxic to mammals.5,6. We're open from 8:00AM to 12:00PM Pacific Time, Mon-Fri, Chlorantraniliprole is a human-made insecticide. What happens to chlorantraniliprole in the environment? Some of these can only be used by licensed professionals. water.11,12 Pesticides used on food crops have tolerances.
If you wish to discuss a pesticide problem, please call NPIC at 800-858-7378. The difference in bioaccumulation potentials between E. foetida and M. guillelmi was likely attributed to differences in their feeding ecology and uptake routes. Most herbicides, including glyphosate, are ineffective for controlling Commelina spp with a single application.
deltamethrin inhibited body weight gain in mice (Armstrong et al., 2013), being inconsistent with the results that was obtained in in vitro experiments. pesticide-related topics to enable people to make informed poisonous?). The examined pesticides comprised atrazine, thiacloprid, pymetrozine, difenoconazole, imazalil, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, chlorantraniliprole, acetamiprid, and diuron. For example, they may spend more time on the ground. Wang et al. Less than 1% of the dose was recovered in the goat's milk, and less than 4% was recovered in eggs.4,14. #X8-83947901). At least five breakdown chemicals have been found in soil. npic.orst.edu. Wang et al. In addition, although most of the experiments used E. foetida as a model organism because it is reasonably tolerant to contaminants and is widely available and responsive in laboratory assays, it may not be the most suitable species because it is a litter dwelling compost species that does not inhabit mineral soil (Lowe and Butt, 2007). ), Antagonism (Ant.) Can chlorantraniliprole affect birds, fish, and other wildlife? Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. As shown in Fig. Islam Md Meftaul, Mallavarapu Megharaj, in Science of The Total Environment, 2020. Products containing chlorantraniliprole may be granules, concentrates, or liquids.2,4 Chlorantraniliprole is considered a reduced-risk pesticide for certain uses by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA).4 See the text box about technical grade chlorantraniliprole. Abdel-Mobdy, Y. E.; Moustafa, M. A. M.; Nahas, A. H. A.; Abdel-Rhaman, H. R. Sub-Acute and Sub-Chronic Effect of Chlorantraniliprole (Coragen 20% SC) on Albino Rat. For example, Bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) The exposure is the amount you Every The application of orange (Citrus sinensis L.) pulp activated carbon (OPAC) was also reported for the elimination of 2,4-D from aqueous media (Angn and Gne, 2020). Since calcium is involved in a variety of cellular processes, this loss of the ability to regulate calcium leads to lethargy, interruption of feeding, paralysis and, eventually, death.
11b) (Y. Wang etal., 2020). Insecticide mixtures may be more effective due to the different action modes of their constituents, with additive or synergistic effects (Blumel etal., 2001). insecticide syngenta sc gal 64oz bottle herbicide weed turf can be used on. Both foliar sprays and granular applications of insecticides are applied during the growing season for control of surface-feeding as well as thatch- and soil-dwelling insect pests. termiticide insecticide litres syngenta nexles They also fed hens the same dose for two weeks. Four of the seventeen tested pesticides showed a level above their limit of detection in water. is a commonly grown, warm-season turfgrass that is susceptible to damage from many species of plant-parasitic nematodes resulting in poor turf quality, reduced drought tolerance, reduced fertilizer uptake, increased weed problems, and reduced playability of golf and sports turf (Crow, 2007). hb```7\ cBPf,v1_7dWOXO0Jph mS3U9H9G3mfYl^>sG{-q.6Al9.g:Gm.%V.QNN=~98'ss\bW\~CU*WLT7Kipfar GcKFtd@0tbH
Martinou, A. F.; Seraphides, N.; Stavrinides, M. C. Lethal and Behavioral Effects of Pesticides on the Insect Predator, Gradish, A. E.; Scott-Dupree, C. D.; Shipp, L.; Harris, C. R.; Ferguson, G. Effect of Reduced Risk Pesticides for Use in Greenhouse Vegetable Production on, Liu, T.; Wang, X.; Chen, D.; Li, Y.; Wang, F. Growth, Reproduction and Biochemical Toxicity of Chlorantraniliprole in Soil on Earthworms (.
What are some signs and symptoms from a brief exposure to chlorantraniliprole?
coragen insecticide dupont (2012) are an insecticide belonging to the anthranilic and phthalic diamide group. Our research contributes to a comprehensive assessment of the environmental and ecological risks associated with CAP application in rice agriculture. The mixture contained 0.615 mg/kg of chlorantraniliprole. Cui, F.; Chai, T.; Qian, L.; Wang, C. Effects of Three Diamides (Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole and Flubendiamide) on Life History, Embryonic Development and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of, Rodrigues, A. C. M.; Gravato, C.; Quintaneiro, C.; Golovko, O.; lbek, V.; Barata, C.; Soares, A. M. V. M.; Pestana, J. L. T. Life History and Biochemical Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on, Maloney, E. M.; Sykes, H.; Morrissey, C.; Peru, K. M.; Headley, J. V.; Libera, K. Comparing the Acute Toxicity of Imidacloprid with Alternative Systemic Insecticides in the Aquatic Insect. They are also used on cotton, turf grass, ornamental plants, public landscaped areas, and as seed treatments. The shaded boxes reflect signs and symptoms observed after a brief exposure. "4 No direct or indirect impacts to amphibians or reptiles are expected.7, Chlorantraniliprole is considered highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates.4 Chlorantraniliprole was highly toxic to crayfish when it was in the water, but not as residue on rice the crayfish ate. Children are not expected to be more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole than adults.4 However, children may act in ways that put them at greater risk of being exposed. About 60% of herbicide mixtures involve glyphosate, resulting in an additive effect on the soybean crop (Table1). Wildlife Poisoning / Environmental Incident.
Table4. Modeled after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Ecotoxicity Categories for Terrestrial and Aquatic Organisms. However, its association with abamectin, fenpyroximate, and sulfur increased its efficiency by 86, 96, and 100%, respectively (Moreira and Nascimento, 2002) (Table4). It is not a skin sensitizer.4 See the text box about pesticide risk. (2019) have studied the efficiency of sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) as oxidizing species to remove 17 different pesticides (pymetrozine, flonicamid, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, cymoxanil, thiacloprid, spinosad, chlorantraniliprole, triadimenol, tebuconazole, fluopyram, difenoconazole, cyflufenamid, hexythiazox, spiromesifen, folpet and acrinathrin) of initial concentration in water between 0.02 and 1.17 mg/L. 
making decisions about pesticide use. syngenta flexi flex 80ml pl mb pdf Activating PMS using photocatalytic activation in the presence of TiO2 anchored on copper ferrite (TiO2@CuFe2O4) showed a high efficiency in removing 2,4-D (20mg/L) from the water within 60min to a rate of 97.2%. Generally, pesticides that are dissolved in solutions around soil particles are weakly associated with active sites of soil/biochar surfaces and are considered to be bioavailable for earthworms for environmental dermal uptake (Lu et al., 2004). Mixing herbicides with other pesticides is common among Brazilian farmers. Mixtures of the herbicide diuron with hexazinone or paraquat had an additive effect, with better weed control (Silva etal., 2004). A New Plant Insecticide for Control of the European Corn Borer. 4. The most significant cases of weed resistance are those with ALS inhibitors, such as E.heterophylla (see Table2). Chlorantraniliprole binds much more tightly to the receptor in insects.5,6 It is toxic to insects mainly if it is eaten.7 Chlorantraniliprole is also toxic to insect eggs, larvae, and pupae on contact.8,9, Chlorantraniliprole is based on the extract of Ryania speciosa, a plant that
For more detailed information about chlorantraniliprole please visit the list of referenced resources below, call the National Pesticide Information Center, Monday - Friday, 8:00am - 12:00pm Pacific Time (11:00am - 3:00pm Eastern Time) at 800-858-7378, or visit us on the web at
Most commonly used herbicides for lawn care include 2,4-D, MCPP, dithiopyr and dicamba (Knapp et al., 2013). Fig. insecticides organophosphorus liquid formulations agritech atul ask The evaluation of the adsorption mechanism validated that oxygen or nitrogen-containing functional groups and -bonding networks of benzene in the AC structure promoted pesticide adsorption. They found that when honeybee larvae were fed doses of products containing chlorantraniliprole at low doses of 0.087-0.139 g/chlorantraniliprole per larva per day, many of them died before becoming adult bees.16 Another group of scientists exposed bumblebees to chlorantraniliprole in a pollen and honey mixture. 11a) (Pandiarajan etal., 2018).
targo ml syngenta insecticide nexles chlorantraniliprole Sunlight can also break down residues on soil. thiamethoxam fly kang syngenta insecticide agita control killer flies mode action pesticides oxazine ammonia manufacturers ring alibaba supply wholesale bait The ryanodine receptor is different in insects than in mammals. Lavtizar, V.; Berggren, K.; Trebse, P.; Kraak, M. S.; Verweij, R. A.; van Gestel, C. A. M. Comparative Ecotoxicity of Chlorantraniliprole to Non-Target Soil Invertebrates. An innovative approach was reported for the diuron adsorption onto different types of activated carbon fiber felt (ACFF; ACFF-CO2(250), ACFF-CO2(200), and ACFF-CO2(200)H2O) supported on the microfiltration membrane in a gravitational filtration system (de Camargo Lima Beluci etal., 2021). The effect of MnO2-HSO3 was tested on methyl parathion and methyl paraoxon. and toxicity (how The half-life in blood plasma was 38-82 hours.
A neonicotinoid (clothianidin), when watered-in, controls root-feeding pests such as scarab grubs and weevil larvae whereas an anthranilic diamide (, Kostromytska et al., 2011; Gill et al., 2012, Toxicity and remediation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides using metal oxides and carbon nanomaterials. Interestingly, exposure to 3mg/kg b.w. 0eec
`dpI,* Y3(C@6` {
Fig. 
According to the pHPZC of activated carbons and pesticides pKa, the MCPA and 2,4-D removal were reduced with increasing of pH (pH>4.76). 
The evaluation of carbonization temperature and time effects on adsorption efficiency showed that TSAC8 (carbonization temperature=600C and carbonization time=4h) with a high specific surface area (SBET=659.62m2g1) and large pore volume (0.6203cc g1) displayed the fast adsorption rate. may also be more likely to place their hands in their mouths after touching treated areas. When chlorantraniliprole binds to this receptor, it causes muscle cells to leak calcium. Another study has shown that iron-catalyzed photo-activation of the persulfate system could remove 90% of the pesticide atrazine from water polluted with 4 mg/L atrazine. From: Agrochemicals Detection, Treatment and Remediation, 2020, Chaonan Wang, Fuliu Xu, in Science of The Total Environment, 2021. See the text box about pesticide tolerances. With addition (Ad. Earthworms are able to absorb organic chemicals in soil via dermal contact (through the skin) and direct ingestion of soil particles (Hickman and Reid, 2008). However, fish were more sensitive when exposed over longer periods of time.4,16 According to the U.S. EPA, risks of direct effects to amphibians are "below Agency screening levels of concern. In some cases, the other ingredients can pose greater risks than the active ingredient itself. Compared with the relatively passive uptake mechanism of E. foetida, the bioaccumulation of atrazine in M. guillelmi involved more aggressive processes resulting from the ingestion of large amounts of soil particles.
Sequential applications of the same herbicide may select glyphosate-tolerant species such as C.benghalensis (Minozzi etal., 2014; Carvalho etal., 2008), justifying herbicide mixing in the tank. Fungicide sprays or dusts are also applied to diseased turfgrass areas. However, scientists do not expect either the formulated products or the breakdown chemicals to be more toxic than pure chlorantraniliprole.4, In water, both sunlight and chemical reactions down chlorantraniliprole.4 The reactions and the breakdown chemicals depend on water acidity.19, Scientists made biochar from walnut shells. To date, considering limited studies of root-associated microbial communities with respect to pesticides, hence adequate investigation should be undertaken to enhance the understanding the microbiome of root zone under various concentrations of pesticide residues. grows in South America and the Caribbean.6 Scientists realized in the 1940s that Ryania speciosa is toxic to insects.10 Ryania extract was used as a registered insecticide until 1996.2 Ryania extract itself is no longer used because it is very toxic to mammals.5,6. We're open from 8:00AM to 12:00PM Pacific Time, Mon-Fri, Chlorantraniliprole is a human-made insecticide. What happens to chlorantraniliprole in the environment? Some of these can only be used by licensed professionals. water.11,12 Pesticides used on food crops have tolerances.
If you wish to discuss a pesticide problem, please call NPIC at 800-858-7378. The difference in bioaccumulation potentials between E. foetida and M. guillelmi was likely attributed to differences in their feeding ecology and uptake routes. Most herbicides, including glyphosate, are ineffective for controlling Commelina spp with a single application. deltamethrin inhibited body weight gain in mice (Armstrong et al., 2013), being inconsistent with the results that was obtained in in vitro experiments. pesticide-related topics to enable people to make informed poisonous?). The examined pesticides comprised atrazine, thiacloprid, pymetrozine, difenoconazole, imazalil, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, chlorantraniliprole, acetamiprid, and diuron. For example, they may spend more time on the ground. Wang et al. Less than 1% of the dose was recovered in the goat's milk, and less than 4% was recovered in eggs.4,14. #X8-83947901). At least five breakdown chemicals have been found in soil. npic.orst.edu. Wang et al. In addition, although most of the experiments used E. foetida as a model organism because it is reasonably tolerant to contaminants and is widely available and responsive in laboratory assays, it may not be the most suitable species because it is a litter dwelling compost species that does not inhabit mineral soil (Lowe and Butt, 2007). ), Antagonism (Ant.) Can chlorantraniliprole affect birds, fish, and other wildlife? Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. As shown in Fig. Islam Md Meftaul, Mallavarapu Megharaj, in Science of The Total Environment, 2020. Products containing chlorantraniliprole may be granules, concentrates, or liquids.2,4 Chlorantraniliprole is considered a reduced-risk pesticide for certain uses by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA).4 See the text box about technical grade chlorantraniliprole. Abdel-Mobdy, Y. E.; Moustafa, M. A. M.; Nahas, A. H. A.; Abdel-Rhaman, H. R. Sub-Acute and Sub-Chronic Effect of Chlorantraniliprole (Coragen 20% SC) on Albino Rat. For example, Bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) The exposure is the amount you Every The application of orange (Citrus sinensis L.) pulp activated carbon (OPAC) was also reported for the elimination of 2,4-D from aqueous media (Angn and Gne, 2020). Since calcium is involved in a variety of cellular processes, this loss of the ability to regulate calcium leads to lethargy, interruption of feeding, paralysis and, eventually, death.
11b) (Y. Wang etal., 2020). Insecticide mixtures may be more effective due to the different action modes of their constituents, with additive or synergistic effects (Blumel etal., 2001). insecticide syngenta sc gal 64oz bottle herbicide weed turf can be used on. Both foliar sprays and granular applications of insecticides are applied during the growing season for control of surface-feeding as well as thatch- and soil-dwelling insect pests. termiticide insecticide litres syngenta nexles They also fed hens the same dose for two weeks. Four of the seventeen tested pesticides showed a level above their limit of detection in water. is a commonly grown, warm-season turfgrass that is susceptible to damage from many species of plant-parasitic nematodes resulting in poor turf quality, reduced drought tolerance, reduced fertilizer uptake, increased weed problems, and reduced playability of golf and sports turf (Crow, 2007). hb```7\ cBPf,v1_7dWOXO0Jph mS3U9H9G3mfYl^>sG{-q.6Al9.g:Gm.%V.QNN=~98'ss\bW\~CU*WLT7Kipfar GcKFtd@0tbH
Martinou, A. F.; Seraphides, N.; Stavrinides, M. C. Lethal and Behavioral Effects of Pesticides on the Insect Predator, Gradish, A. E.; Scott-Dupree, C. D.; Shipp, L.; Harris, C. R.; Ferguson, G. Effect of Reduced Risk Pesticides for Use in Greenhouse Vegetable Production on, Liu, T.; Wang, X.; Chen, D.; Li, Y.; Wang, F. Growth, Reproduction and Biochemical Toxicity of Chlorantraniliprole in Soil on Earthworms (.
What are some signs and symptoms from a brief exposure to chlorantraniliprole? coragen insecticide dupont (2012) are an insecticide belonging to the anthranilic and phthalic diamide group. Our research contributes to a comprehensive assessment of the environmental and ecological risks associated with CAP application in rice agriculture. The mixture contained 0.615 mg/kg of chlorantraniliprole. Cui, F.; Chai, T.; Qian, L.; Wang, C. Effects of Three Diamides (Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole and Flubendiamide) on Life History, Embryonic Development and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of, Rodrigues, A. C. M.; Gravato, C.; Quintaneiro, C.; Golovko, O.; lbek, V.; Barata, C.; Soares, A. M. V. M.; Pestana, J. L. T. Life History and Biochemical Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on, Maloney, E. M.; Sykes, H.; Morrissey, C.; Peru, K. M.; Headley, J. V.; Libera, K. Comparing the Acute Toxicity of Imidacloprid with Alternative Systemic Insecticides in the Aquatic Insect. They are also used on cotton, turf grass, ornamental plants, public landscaped areas, and as seed treatments. The shaded boxes reflect signs and symptoms observed after a brief exposure. "4 No direct or indirect impacts to amphibians or reptiles are expected.7, Chlorantraniliprole is considered highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates.4 Chlorantraniliprole was highly toxic to crayfish when it was in the water, but not as residue on rice the crayfish ate. Children are not expected to be more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole than adults.4 However, children may act in ways that put them at greater risk of being exposed. About 60% of herbicide mixtures involve glyphosate, resulting in an additive effect on the soybean crop (Table1). Wildlife Poisoning / Environmental Incident.
Table4. Modeled after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Ecotoxicity Categories for Terrestrial and Aquatic Organisms. However, its association with abamectin, fenpyroximate, and sulfur increased its efficiency by 86, 96, and 100%, respectively (Moreira and Nascimento, 2002) (Table4). It is not a skin sensitizer.4 See the text box about pesticide risk. (2019) have studied the efficiency of sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) as oxidizing species to remove 17 different pesticides (pymetrozine, flonicamid, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, cymoxanil, thiacloprid, spinosad, chlorantraniliprole, triadimenol, tebuconazole, fluopyram, difenoconazole, cyflufenamid, hexythiazox, spiromesifen, folpet and acrinathrin) of initial concentration in water between 0.02 and 1.17 mg/L. 
making decisions about pesticide use. syngenta flexi flex 80ml pl mb pdf Activating PMS using photocatalytic activation in the presence of TiO2 anchored on copper ferrite (TiO2@CuFe2O4) showed a high efficiency in removing 2,4-D (20mg/L) from the water within 60min to a rate of 97.2%. Generally, pesticides that are dissolved in solutions around soil particles are weakly associated with active sites of soil/biochar surfaces and are considered to be bioavailable for earthworms for environmental dermal uptake (Lu et al., 2004). Mixing herbicides with other pesticides is common among Brazilian farmers. Mixtures of the herbicide diuron with hexazinone or paraquat had an additive effect, with better weed control (Silva etal., 2004). A New Plant Insecticide for Control of the European Corn Borer. 4. The most significant cases of weed resistance are those with ALS inhibitors, such as E.heterophylla (see Table2). Chlorantraniliprole binds much more tightly to the receptor in insects.5,6 It is toxic to insects mainly if it is eaten.7 Chlorantraniliprole is also toxic to insect eggs, larvae, and pupae on contact.8,9, Chlorantraniliprole is based on the extract of Ryania speciosa, a plant that
For more detailed information about chlorantraniliprole please visit the list of referenced resources below, call the National Pesticide Information Center, Monday - Friday, 8:00am - 12:00pm Pacific Time (11:00am - 3:00pm Eastern Time) at 800-858-7378, or visit us on the web at
Most commonly used herbicides for lawn care include 2,4-D, MCPP, dithiopyr and dicamba (Knapp et al., 2013). Fig. insecticides organophosphorus liquid formulations agritech atul ask The evaluation of the adsorption mechanism validated that oxygen or nitrogen-containing functional groups and -bonding networks of benzene in the AC structure promoted pesticide adsorption. They found that when honeybee larvae were fed doses of products containing chlorantraniliprole at low doses of 0.087-0.139 g/chlorantraniliprole per larva per day, many of them died before becoming adult bees.16 Another group of scientists exposed bumblebees to chlorantraniliprole in a pollen and honey mixture. 11a) (Pandiarajan etal., 2018). 
targo ml syngenta insecticide nexles chlorantraniliprole Sunlight can also break down residues on soil. thiamethoxam fly kang syngenta insecticide agita control killer flies mode action pesticides oxazine ammonia manufacturers ring alibaba supply wholesale bait The ryanodine receptor is different in insects than in mammals. Lavtizar, V.; Berggren, K.; Trebse, P.; Kraak, M. S.; Verweij, R. A.; van Gestel, C. A. M. Comparative Ecotoxicity of Chlorantraniliprole to Non-Target Soil Invertebrates. An innovative approach was reported for the diuron adsorption onto different types of activated carbon fiber felt (ACFF; ACFF-CO2(250), ACFF-CO2(200), and ACFF-CO2(200)H2O) supported on the microfiltration membrane in a gravitational filtration system (de Camargo Lima Beluci etal., 2021). The effect of MnO2-HSO3 was tested on methyl parathion and methyl paraoxon. and toxicity (how The half-life in blood plasma was 38-82 hours.
A neonicotinoid (clothianidin), when watered-in, controls root-feeding pests such as scarab grubs and weevil larvae whereas an anthranilic diamide (, Kostromytska et al., 2011; Gill et al., 2012, Toxicity and remediation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides using metal oxides and carbon nanomaterials. Interestingly, exposure to 3mg/kg b.w. 0eec
`dpI,* Y3(C@6` {
Fig. According to the pHPZC of activated carbons and pesticides pKa, the MCPA and 2,4-D removal were reduced with increasing of pH (pH>4.76). 
The evaluation of carbonization temperature and time effects on adsorption efficiency showed that TSAC8 (carbonization temperature=600C and carbonization time=4h) with a high specific surface area (SBET=659.62m2g1) and large pore volume (0.6203cc g1) displayed the fast adsorption rate. may also be more likely to place their hands in their mouths after touching treated areas. When chlorantraniliprole binds to this receptor, it causes muscle cells to leak calcium. Another study has shown that iron-catalyzed photo-activation of the persulfate system could remove 90% of the pesticide atrazine from water polluted with 4 mg/L atrazine. From: Agrochemicals Detection, Treatment and Remediation, 2020, Chaonan Wang, Fuliu Xu, in Science of The Total Environment, 2021. See the text box about pesticide tolerances. With addition (Ad. Earthworms are able to absorb organic chemicals in soil via dermal contact (through the skin) and direct ingestion of soil particles (Hickman and Reid, 2008). However, fish were more sensitive when exposed over longer periods of time.4,16 According to the U.S. EPA, risks of direct effects to amphibians are "below Agency screening levels of concern. In some cases, the other ingredients can pose greater risks than the active ingredient itself. Compared with the relatively passive uptake mechanism of E. foetida, the bioaccumulation of atrazine in M. guillelmi involved more aggressive processes resulting from the ingestion of large amounts of soil particles.