Electronic waste is a significant part of today's global, post-consumer waste stream. Future research should use a quantitative approach or other research methods and expand the number of selected countries to understand e-waste generation and management practices of countries in the Asia Pacific region. Oak Court Business Centre : Visualisation, Validation, WritingReview and Editing, Supervision; S.G.: Visualisation, Validation, WritingReview and Editing, Supervision. Ikhlayel M. An integrative approach to develop E-waste management systems for developing countries. Tape Drive vs Hard Drive - Which Should You Use? These document types have been selected as they represent state-of-the-art research outputs with high impact [32]. In 2016, Indonesia generated 1274 kt of e-waste with a per capita generation of 4.9 kg [66]. Findings indicate that, in Indonesia, infrastructure and workable systems to quantify, recycle, monitor, and handle e-waste is lacking [65,127]. Various issues geared towards developing a sustainable recycling system still need to be addressed. Many companies export the waste to developing countries without monitoring the health and human safety standards used. Comparison study of electronic waste management in India & Switzerland. Mmereki D., Li B., Baldwin A., Hong L. The generation, composition, collection, treatment and disposal system, and impact of E-waste. A review of sustainable E-waste generation and management: Present and future perspectives. Health consequences of exposure to E-waste: A systematic review. Profit or environment? [30] The Product Stewardship Act 2011 introduced new legislation and provided a framework for developing legislatively backed product stewardship for Australia. 710 May 2007; pp.
It is especially unfortunate to think that much of the developed world is shipping their e-waste to developing countries, damaging peoples health who have far less access to the upsides modern technology has to offer. One of the shortcomings of this study is that the information and analysis of previous studies are seen to be reality. These selected countries have significant population, natural resources, and financial potentials [67,148,149,150,151]. Australia is placed among the top 10 consumers of electronic products in the world. Human exposure to toxic metals and environmental pollution has become a major health risk in Africa and is the subject of increasing attention to national and international researchers and environmentalists [37,38]. All rights reserved. Davis G., Herat S. Opportunities and constraints for developing a sustainable E-waste management system at local government level in Australia. (National Library of Medicine), People living in or near e-waste recycling towns have shown evidence of greater DNA damage. Analysing the intention of the households to drop off mobile phones to the collection boxes: Empirical study in Malaysia. In 2013, Colombia implemented an EPR law that ultimately focused on enforcing guidelines for managing electronic waste. Furthermore, the Directive should "decrease e-waste and e-waste exports.". A major challenge was that the available data were not comparable between countries not even within the EU. In addition, the increasing demand for second-hand EEE, particularly in developing countries (China, Indonesia, India, and Malaysia) due to poverty and the continuing technological modernisation, has made these countries dumping grounds for e-waste from developed countries. WEEE management in a circular economy perspective: An overview. Duplicate articles are removed. The selected countries (Australia, China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia) are among the largest producers of e-waste in the Asia Pacific region [2,13,18,28]. Secondly, when implementing e-waste policies, interdisciplinary research approaches need to be considered. Because China and other poverty-stricken countries lack a regulated e-waste recycling infrastructure, they will inevitably continue to face dangerous living conditions and a life-threatening environment. Heeks R., Subramanian L., Jones C. Understanding E-waste management in developing countries: Strategies, determinants, and policy implications in the Indian ICT sector. There are improvement opportunities for all regions. Europe also treats imported waste from mainly North America in their controlled waste management systems. Andarani P., Goto N. Potential E-waste generated from households in Indonesia using material flow analysis. Clearly, e-waste management processes in the majority of these countries examined still need improvement. Examining environmental management of E-waste: Chinas experience and lessons. Legal geographies of E-waste legislation in Canada and the US: Jurisdiction, responsibility and the taboo of production. Sthiannopkao S., Wong M.H. The waste-flows from Western Europe mainly go to Eastern Europe, West Africa and Asia. How can flowmeters optimise your batching system? Furthermore, sophisticated facilities and infrastructure required for formal recycling of e-waste using efficient technologies are minimal or non-existent in the selected countries. This initiative will restrain the transboundary movement of e-waste across international borders. E-waste, money and power: Mapping electronic waste flows in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sthiannopkao S. Managing E-waste in developed and developing countries. Yabe J., Ishizuka M., Umemura T. Current levels of heavy metal pollution in Africa. Given the background review and analysis in the previous sections, it is obvious that the problem and challenges of e-waste in the selected countries still persist. There are then three end-of-life treatment options: formal recycling, informal recycling and landfill. 8600 Rockville Pike This behaviour is totally different from practices adopted by most developed countries whereby the producers and consumers have to pay Recycling/Disposal Fee [62,63,64]. Global Risk-Based Management of Chemical Additives II. [3] noted that the issues emanating from e-waste management in todays digitally connected world are primarily due to the way we produce, use, and dispose of electronic devices, which are currently unsustainable.
It can be seen that the majority of the selected countries in this present study are faced with an increasing amount of e-waste. In this study, a global end-of-life scenario was developed by comparing the weight of e-waste with the estimated total weight of ICT for a specific country or region. a serious environmental and health problem facing the world. Heacock M., Kelly C.B., Suk W.A. In Mercury is a metallic element which is toxic to human health and detrimental to environmental wellbeing in high concentrations. 710 May 2007; pp. The results of this study indicate that the impact of e-waste is linked to a variety of health problems in the countries examined, such as birth defects, premature births, respiratory diseases, and cancer. Did you know? With an initial focus on televisions, computers and computer peripherals the NTCRS is aims to significantly increase recycling rates for electronics in Australia, from an estimated 17.00% in 2010 to 30.00% in 2012/13 and up to 80.00% by 2021/22. government site. What is a Certificate of Data Destruction? In informal recycling, precious materials are recovered, but various uncontrolled methods are used. Assessment of precious metal flows during pre-processing of waste electrical and electronic equipment. This section provides an overview of earlier studies in the selected countries. The second phase is to run the search query within the selected databases for retrieving the search results. MoEF approves the guidelines for the identification of the various sources of e-waste in India and endorses the procedures for handling e-waste in an appropriate and environmentally friendly manner [59]. Salim H.K., Stewart R.A., Sahin O., Dudley M. End-of-life management of solar photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems: A stakeholder survey in Australia resources. Santoso S., Zagloel T.Y., Ardi R., Suzianti A. Estimating the amount of electronic waste generated in Indonesia: Population balance model. In 2002, the EPHC again declared that e-waste needed action. Public survey on knowledge, awareness, attitude and willingness to pay for WEEE management: Case study in Bangladesh. Water / Wastewater Minimal research has been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of e-waste policy management strategies. 1315 December 2015; pp. "This created an e-waste processing industry in Europe. Malaysia has become one of the popular destinations of e-waste imported from developed countries [139,140,141]. Peeters J.R., Vanegas P., Van Den Bossche W., Devoldere T., Dewulf W., Duflou J.R. Elastomer-based fastener development to facilitate rapid disassembly for consumer products. In particular, results from the literature review on e-waste generation and management practices adopted by the respective nations are presented.
Ejiogu A.R. about navigating our updated article layout. Veenstra A., Wang C., Fan W., Ru Y. Needhidasan S., Samuel M., Chidambaram R. Electronic wasteAn emerging threat to the environment of urban India. There have been 19 prosecutions undertaken for non-compliance with the provisions of the EIHWHRMR some of which are still before the courts. Extended producer responsibility for waste electronics: An example of printer recycling in the United Kingdom.
[6], Some European countries implemented laws prohibiting the disposal of electronic waste in landfills in the 1990s. Powell-Turner J., Antill P.D., Fisher R.E. In Malaysia, e-waste is classified as scheduled waste under the code SW 110, Environmental Quality Regulations 2005 and managed by the Department of Environment (DOE) and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) [78,79]. The second section outlines the chosen methodology and the justification for considering a systematic literature review. Hence, e-waste has become one of the major challenges in these countries, and it is, therefore, crucial for these countries to investigate the development of a well-organised and inexpensive recycling scheme to extract valuable resources with inconsequential environmental impacts. Kusch S., Hills C.D. 4045. What are you reading this blog on? Maheswari H., Yudoko G., Adhiutama A. Electronic waste (E-waste): Material flows and management practices in Nigeria. [5] In October 2008, The Chinese State Council also approved a "draft regulation on the management of electronic waste. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Thirdly, while investigations and discussions on e-waste generation and management have been ongoing for several decades. As per Wolfswinkel et al. In: Bilitewski B., Darbra R., Barcel D., editors. They also highlight the challenges associated with e-waste management and the need for developing comprehensive e-waste management strategies. Several studies have pointed out that failure to adopt appropriate recycling practices for e-waste may cause environmental disasters and health concerns to humans due to the presence of hazardous materials. The link between E-waste and GDPNew insights from data from the Pan-European region. Tips on Disposing Your Computer Correctly. Over the years, the use of electronic devices for domestic and commercial purposes has grown rapidly [8]. The growth in e-waste generation is anticipated worldwide because there is a strong correlation between economic growth and e-waste generation [75,76]. In August 2013, the Chilean congress approved a law that established a framework for waste management, EPR and the encouragement of recycling. Specifically, metal-contaminated sediments and elevated levels of dissolved metals have been reported in rivers around the town of Guiyu [85]. While a percentage of these computers, smartphones, printers, DVD players, TVs and other electronics are recycled (45% in the UK, 40% globally), the majority of them simply end up as e-waste in a landfill. Currently, e-waste scrap such as printed circuit boards, CRT monitors, and LCD screens have been, and are still being, recycled in China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, creating huge environmental and health issues. Guo X., Yan K. Estimation of obsolete cellular phones generation: A case study of China. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (. [8] point out that the amount of e-waste generated each year is increasing at an alarming rate. Agamuthu P., Victor D. Policy trends of E-waste management in Asia. This warrants the need for a review of the existing processes of e-waste management. An official website of the United States government. It is estimated that three (3) million tons of e-waste were produced in 2018 and is expected to reach five (5) million tons by the end of 2020 [51,52,53]. Israels e-waste laws have resulted in much greater participation in recycling. In addition, the enforcement of codes of practice and regulations relating to hazardous e-waste management in these countries is minimal or non-existent. Forecasting product returns for recycling in Indian electronics industry. Currently, the informal sector illegally collects, treats, and disposes of discarded EEE triggering huge environmental and health concerns [65,72]. In view of the growing e-waste generation in the Asia Pacific region and the importance of e-waste management, this study critically reviews previous research on e-waste generation and management practices of major e-waste producing nations (Australia, China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia) in the Asia Pacific region, provides an overview of progress made and identifies areas for improvement. Furthermore, people living in e-waste recycling towns or working in e-waste recycling sites showed evidence of greater DNA damage. These include a change in thyroid function, cellular expression and function changes, adverse neonatal outcomes, changes in temperament and behavior, and decreased lung function. The authors also indicated that more e-waste is generated than is being safely recycled in many countries of the world, and more corporative efforts are needed to tackle the escalating e-waste problem through appropriate research and training. Many environmental groups blame the U.S. government for their ignorance and poor regulation of e-waste exportation. Rochman F.F., Ashton W.S., Wiharjo M.G.M. Formal process of e-waste recycling and treatment is still rather slow. Many major retailers in the US and other countries accept e-waste for recycling regardless of where you purchased the product. Additionally, safety, human and environmental health concerns are often ignored. FOIA Electronic waste: Present status and future perspectives of sustainable management practices in Malaysia. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. E-waste generated around the world and per continent in 2016 [4]. E-waste is one of the most urgent and pressing challenges of our time; however, it is routinely ignored. [2] and Balde et al. Chugh R., Wibowo S., Grandhi S. Environmentally sustainable information and communication technology usage: Awareness and practices of Indian information and communication technology professionals. Undoubtedly, these studies presented opportunities to address some of the challenges associated with e-waste management. Sustainability assessment and prioritisation of E-waste management options in Brazil. [26] Brazil enacted a National Policy to reduce solid waste which ultimately acted as an EPR and as a way to reduce both solid and hazardous waste. Puckett J., Byster L., Westervelt S. Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia, The Basel Action Network (BAN) and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition (SVTC) [(accessed on 15 August 2021)]; Shinkuma T., Managi S. On the effectiveness of a license scheme for E-waste recycling: The challenge of China and India. It is observed that the Asian continent generated the highest e-waste, followed by Europe and the Americas. In: Shiraishi T., Sonobe T., editors. We believe this knowledge will help the countries to overcome their challenges and develop appropriate strategies for recycling and disposing of e-waste. 2124 October 2016. E-waste generally consists of a range of hazardous materials (Table 2), including metals, pollutants, printed circuit boards, computer monitors, cables, plastics, and metal-plastic mixtures [2].
Therefore, to effectively manage e-waste in the selected countries, there is a need to develop generic structured policy approaches to tackle the e-waste problem in the selected countries and indeed across the world is required.
It can be seen that the majority of the selected countries in this present study are faced with an increasing amount of e-waste. In this study, a global end-of-life scenario was developed by comparing the weight of e-waste with the estimated total weight of ICT for a specific country or region. a serious environmental and health problem facing the world. Heacock M., Kelly C.B., Suk W.A. In Mercury is a metallic element which is toxic to human health and detrimental to environmental wellbeing in high concentrations. 710 May 2007; pp. The results of this study indicate that the impact of e-waste is linked to a variety of health problems in the countries examined, such as birth defects, premature births, respiratory diseases, and cancer. Did you know? With an initial focus on televisions, computers and computer peripherals the NTCRS is aims to significantly increase recycling rates for electronics in Australia, from an estimated 17.00% in 2010 to 30.00% in 2012/13 and up to 80.00% by 2021/22. government site. What is a Certificate of Data Destruction? In informal recycling, precious materials are recovered, but various uncontrolled methods are used. Assessment of precious metal flows during pre-processing of waste electrical and electronic equipment. This section provides an overview of earlier studies in the selected countries. The second phase is to run the search query within the selected databases for retrieving the search results. MoEF approves the guidelines for the identification of the various sources of e-waste in India and endorses the procedures for handling e-waste in an appropriate and environmentally friendly manner [59]. Salim H.K., Stewart R.A., Sahin O., Dudley M. End-of-life management of solar photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems: A stakeholder survey in Australia resources. Santoso S., Zagloel T.Y., Ardi R., Suzianti A. Estimating the amount of electronic waste generated in Indonesia: Population balance model. In 2002, the EPHC again declared that e-waste needed action. Public survey on knowledge, awareness, attitude and willingness to pay for WEEE management: Case study in Bangladesh. Water / Wastewater Minimal research has been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of e-waste policy management strategies. 1315 December 2015; pp. "This created an e-waste processing industry in Europe. Malaysia has become one of the popular destinations of e-waste imported from developed countries [139,140,141]. Peeters J.R., Vanegas P., Van Den Bossche W., Devoldere T., Dewulf W., Duflou J.R. Elastomer-based fastener development to facilitate rapid disassembly for consumer products. In particular, results from the literature review on e-waste generation and management practices adopted by the respective nations are presented.
Ejiogu A.R. about navigating our updated article layout. Veenstra A., Wang C., Fan W., Ru Y. Needhidasan S., Samuel M., Chidambaram R. Electronic wasteAn emerging threat to the environment of urban India. There have been 19 prosecutions undertaken for non-compliance with the provisions of the EIHWHRMR some of which are still before the courts. Extended producer responsibility for waste electronics: An example of printer recycling in the United Kingdom.
[6], Some European countries implemented laws prohibiting the disposal of electronic waste in landfills in the 1990s. Powell-Turner J., Antill P.D., Fisher R.E. In Malaysia, e-waste is classified as scheduled waste under the code SW 110, Environmental Quality Regulations 2005 and managed by the Department of Environment (DOE) and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) [78,79]. The second section outlines the chosen methodology and the justification for considering a systematic literature review. Hence, e-waste has become one of the major challenges in these countries, and it is, therefore, crucial for these countries to investigate the development of a well-organised and inexpensive recycling scheme to extract valuable resources with inconsequential environmental impacts. Kusch S., Hills C.D. 4045. What are you reading this blog on? Maheswari H., Yudoko G., Adhiutama A. Electronic waste (E-waste): Material flows and management practices in Nigeria. [5] In October 2008, The Chinese State Council also approved a "draft regulation on the management of electronic waste. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Thirdly, while investigations and discussions on e-waste generation and management have been ongoing for several decades. As per Wolfswinkel et al. In: Bilitewski B., Darbra R., Barcel D., editors. They also highlight the challenges associated with e-waste management and the need for developing comprehensive e-waste management strategies. Several studies have pointed out that failure to adopt appropriate recycling practices for e-waste may cause environmental disasters and health concerns to humans due to the presence of hazardous materials. The link between E-waste and GDPNew insights from data from the Pan-European region. Tips on Disposing Your Computer Correctly. Over the years, the use of electronic devices for domestic and commercial purposes has grown rapidly [8]. The growth in e-waste generation is anticipated worldwide because there is a strong correlation between economic growth and e-waste generation [75,76]. In August 2013, the Chilean congress approved a law that established a framework for waste management, EPR and the encouragement of recycling. Specifically, metal-contaminated sediments and elevated levels of dissolved metals have been reported in rivers around the town of Guiyu [85]. While a percentage of these computers, smartphones, printers, DVD players, TVs and other electronics are recycled (45% in the UK, 40% globally), the majority of them simply end up as e-waste in a landfill. Currently, e-waste scrap such as printed circuit boards, CRT monitors, and LCD screens have been, and are still being, recycled in China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, creating huge environmental and health issues. Guo X., Yan K. Estimation of obsolete cellular phones generation: A case study of China. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (. [8] point out that the amount of e-waste generated each year is increasing at an alarming rate. Agamuthu P., Victor D. Policy trends of E-waste management in Asia. This warrants the need for a review of the existing processes of e-waste management. An official website of the United States government. It is estimated that three (3) million tons of e-waste were produced in 2018 and is expected to reach five (5) million tons by the end of 2020 [51,52,53]. Israels e-waste laws have resulted in much greater participation in recycling. In addition, the enforcement of codes of practice and regulations relating to hazardous e-waste management in these countries is minimal or non-existent. Forecasting product returns for recycling in Indian electronics industry. Currently, the informal sector illegally collects, treats, and disposes of discarded EEE triggering huge environmental and health concerns [65,72]. In view of the growing e-waste generation in the Asia Pacific region and the importance of e-waste management, this study critically reviews previous research on e-waste generation and management practices of major e-waste producing nations (Australia, China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia) in the Asia Pacific region, provides an overview of progress made and identifies areas for improvement. Furthermore, people living in e-waste recycling towns or working in e-waste recycling sites showed evidence of greater DNA damage. These include a change in thyroid function, cellular expression and function changes, adverse neonatal outcomes, changes in temperament and behavior, and decreased lung function. The authors also indicated that more e-waste is generated than is being safely recycled in many countries of the world, and more corporative efforts are needed to tackle the escalating e-waste problem through appropriate research and training. Many environmental groups blame the U.S. government for their ignorance and poor regulation of e-waste exportation. Rochman F.F., Ashton W.S., Wiharjo M.G.M. Formal process of e-waste recycling and treatment is still rather slow. Many major retailers in the US and other countries accept e-waste for recycling regardless of where you purchased the product. Additionally, safety, human and environmental health concerns are often ignored. FOIA Electronic waste: Present status and future perspectives of sustainable management practices in Malaysia. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. E-waste generated around the world and per continent in 2016 [4]. E-waste is one of the most urgent and pressing challenges of our time; however, it is routinely ignored. [2] and Balde et al. Chugh R., Wibowo S., Grandhi S. Environmentally sustainable information and communication technology usage: Awareness and practices of Indian information and communication technology professionals. Undoubtedly, these studies presented opportunities to address some of the challenges associated with e-waste management. Sustainability assessment and prioritisation of E-waste management options in Brazil. [26] Brazil enacted a National Policy to reduce solid waste which ultimately acted as an EPR and as a way to reduce both solid and hazardous waste. Puckett J., Byster L., Westervelt S. Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia, The Basel Action Network (BAN) and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition (SVTC) [(accessed on 15 August 2021)]; Shinkuma T., Managi S. On the effectiveness of a license scheme for E-waste recycling: The challenge of China and India. It is observed that the Asian continent generated the highest e-waste, followed by Europe and the Americas. In: Shiraishi T., Sonobe T., editors. We believe this knowledge will help the countries to overcome their challenges and develop appropriate strategies for recycling and disposing of e-waste. 2124 October 2016. E-waste generally consists of a range of hazardous materials (Table 2), including metals, pollutants, printed circuit boards, computer monitors, cables, plastics, and metal-plastic mixtures [2].
Therefore, to effectively manage e-waste in the selected countries, there is a need to develop generic structured policy approaches to tackle the e-waste problem in the selected countries and indeed across the world is required.